National security and international environmental cooperation in the Arctic : the case of the Northern Sea Route

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of Figures = xi
• List of Tables = xiii
• Abbreviations = xiv
• Foreword = xvii
• INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER : International Use of the Northern Sea Route : What is the Problem? Willy Φstreng = 1
• The Case of the NSR : What Makes it an International Challenge? = 2
• The Arctic Bioregion : It Functioning, Fragility and Vulnerability = 8
• Oil Pollution in Arctic Seas = 10
• Political Implications = 13
• Civility in Utilization = 16
• CHAPTER 1 : National Security and the Evolving Issues of Arctic Environment and Cooperation. Willy Φstreng = 21
• The Security and Cooperative Order of Cold War Arctic = 21
• Threat Perceptions and Security Behavior in the Cold War Arctic = 22
• The NSR and Arctic Cold War Security = 23
• Arctic Security in the post Cold War Period = 29
• The Changing Soviet Conception of Arctic Security = 29
• The Northern Fleet and the Reconceptualization of Arctic Security = 31
• The Emerging Russian Security Concept of the 1990s and the NSR = 33
• The Western Concept of Arctic Security = 34
• The Evolving Pan-Arctic Concept of Environmental Cooperation and its Relevance to Security = 39
• The Arctic as an International Region? = 45
• Summary = 48
• CHAPTER 2 : Russian Security Policy 1945-96 : The Role of the Arctic, the Environment and the NSR. Raphael Vartanov, Alexei Roginko and Vladimir Kolossov = 53
• Evolution of Soviet Security Perceptions, 1945-1991, and Approaches Toward the Arctic = 55
• The Roots of Soviet Security Thinking and the Arctic = 55
• Evolution of Security Priorities over the Post-war Period = 57
• Dynamic Interrelations among Political, Economic and Environmental Factors = 60
• The Murmansk Initiatives and the New Political Thinking = 64
• Arctic Security Thinking Within the Current Political Process in Russia = 66
• A Geopolitical Setting and the Role of the Arctic in the New Russian State = 66
• Impact of Domestic Political, Socio-economic and Military Factors = 68
• National Security and the Choice between Democracy and Authoritarianism = 68
• Role of Military Factors in shaping Security Perceptions = 73
• The Socio-economic situation of the Northern Regions and the Role of the State = 77
• The Problem of the Integrity of Russia and the Arctic = 81
• International Factors of National Security in the Russian Arctic = 84
• Environmental Threats Posed by Military and Naval Activities = 89
• Environmental Threats Associated with Natural Resources' Development = 98
• Conclusion = 101
• CHAPTER 3 : Environment and Security in Arctic Waters : A Canadian Perspective. Franklyn Griffiths = 103
• Canadian Security Perspectives, 1945-1997 = 104
• Cooperative and Common Security as Framewooks = 113
• Securing the Arctic Marine Environment = 122
• A Way Ahead = 132
• CHAPTER 4 : Norwegian Security Policy : The Role of the Arctic, the Environment and the NSR. Willy Φstreng = 135
• Changing Norwegian Perceptions of Threats to National Interests = 135
• The Basic Elements of Norwegian Security Policy in the Post-World War Ⅱ Period = 137
• Geopolitical Realities = 137
• The Self-Imposed Security Regime = 139
• The International Svalbard Regime = 140
• Norwegian Political Rules of Conduct = 145
• Net Times - New Policy? = 148
• The "Geographical Expansion" of Security = 148
• The Thematic Expansion of Security = 149
• New Geopolitical Realities? = 150
• Changes in Self-imposed Security Regime = 155
• Changes in the International Svalbard Regime? = 158
• Changes in the Political Rules of Conduct = 160
• The Multipolarity of the BEAR = 163
• The Extension of the Concept of Security = 164
• Various Polities in Regional Security Policy = 165
• The Barents Initiative, Extended Security and the NSR = 169
• The New Overall Norwegian Security Posture : A Summing up = 174
• CHAPRTER 5 : Environment in the U.S. Discourse on Security : The Case of the Missing Arctic Waters. Franklyn Griffiths = 179
• Tendencies in U.S. security discourse since 1945 = 180
• Environment and Security Debae in 1997 = 185
• Arctic Waters in U.S. Security Policy = 192
• Conclusions = 202
• CHAPTER 6 : Danish Security Policy : The Role of the Arctic, the Environment and Arctic Navigation. Willy Φstreng = 205
• The Basic Elements of Danish and Greenlandic Security Policy in the post World War Ⅱ Period = 207
• Greenland's Military-strategic Use and Potential = 210
• Greenland as a Protective Shield = 210
• Greenland in the Maritime Strategy = 212
• Greenlandic Security Politics = 219
• The Decision-making Competence and Structure = 219
• A Greater Greenlandic Say in Foreign - and Security Policy = 220
• The Inuit Tradition = 221
• Polarization of Greenlandic Politics = 223
• Increasing Pragmatism = 224
• Greenlandic Attitudes to Arctic Shipping = 225
• Greenland's own APP = 228
• Environmental Security and the Danish Realm : Possible Implications for Greenland = 232
• Conclusion = 236
• CHAPTER 7 : The NSR in the Context of Arctic Environmental Cooperation and National Security : Some Concluding Remarks. Willy Φstreng = 239
• Theoretical Concepts, Political Realities and International Cooperation = 239
• The Fit of Words in Northern Politics = 241
• Environmental Security and Arctic Security = 244
• Comprehensive and Extended Security and the Arctic = 247
• Security and Cooperation in the Arctic? = 248
• Common Security and the Security Posture of Arctic States = 252
• The Environmental and Security Position of the NSR = 254
• The New Pattern of NSR Usage = 254
• The New Pattern of NSR Cooperation = 255
• The New Pattern of NSR Organization = 258
• The NSR's Capacity to Build a Pan-Arctic Feeling of Community = 260
• Level of Government - International Relations = 260
• Level of Regional Government - Transreginal Relations = 263
• Level of Indigenous Government - Transcultural Relations = 264
• Notes = 267
• Selected Bibliography = 323
• Index = 355