KCI등재
19세기 미국의 애도화의 기원, 전개 및 그 기능 : 자수 애도화를 중심으로 = The socio-cultural function of the embroidered mourning picture in nineteenth century America
저자
발행기관
학술지명
서양미술사학회논문집(Journal of the Association of Western Art History)
권호사항
발행연도
1999
작성언어
Korean
KDC
609
등재정보
KCI등재
자료형태
학술저널
발행기관 URL
수록면
37-59(23쪽)
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소장기관
Mourning pictures were a representative art form of women in nineteenth century America. They depict the bereaved visiting graves, and were done by young girls among the bereaved by watercolor or stitch. Standard motifs of a mourning picture include a gravestone with an urn, women in deep sorrow, and a symbolic weeping willow.
The source of the first mourning design was a European painting titled ‘Fame decorating the Tomb of Shakespeare’ by Angelica Kauffman, the eighteenth century painter. The mourning scene had appeared before the death of America’s first hero, George Washington, however, his death served as the momentum that make mourning pictures became popular in America. The great numbers of prints and pottery with mourning designs depicting him were copied and sold in both Europe and America.
Mourning pictures gained considerable popularity among young ladies and they were often taught in the female boarding schools by the painting and needlework teachers, Although the subject of mourning pictures, the death, is not pleasant, their popularity reveals that death was always in the minds of people of that period. One statistical report estimates that about 19 percent of marriages in the 1850s shattered by death within ten years and 47 percent within twenty-five years. Therefore, people must have felt a certain inevitability about death.
Mourning pictures were usually hung on a wall in the living room strengthen family ties. Mourning pictures had the function of a group portrait, as seen in the mourning picture done by Lucretia Carew in 1800. They often represent very personal detail such as people on crutches or people with thin hair. Moreover, beholders can read the people’s emotional conflict or status in the picture.
A mourning picture was a record of the social history as well as a family history. One made in the East Coast America, around 1810 records the death of five children. All of them were under seven years old, three of them died in October 1802. It suggests that an epidemic was widespread among children at that time. Such facts correspond with tile statistical report mentioned above.
Mourning pictures also supply crucial information concerning the fashions of the period. Between 1795 and 1797, a definite change can be noted in American women’s dress. The aftermath of the ‘Classical Revival’ created a new style. Dresses were made with a short bodice accentuating a high waistline, that was in fashion, and narrow skirts were made of soft clinging materials. The women’s mourning costumes represented in many mourning pictures reflect this fashion.
The mourning pictures were not only made for one’s own family members, but for friends. A mourning picture was a kind of heartfelt gift to the dead. The maker must have benefited from peace of mind and mental consolation whilst making the work. Therefore, through producting mourning pictures, the maker could heal the mental pain from the loss of a close friend or a family member.
One more significant social function of a mourning picture is educational benefit. One may consider the advance of the girls’ skills in embroidery. Apart from the visible aspect, it involves ethical and moral functions in education. According to a letter written by a father in 1806, in which the father made his daughter embroider a mourning picture for her young brother who died seven years before, a mourning picture could be a discipline, demonstrating obedience and piety to parents, rather than personal expressions of deep sorrow.
In addition, since an embroiderer’s personality was believed to be displayed by the form, content and act of embroidery, a mourning picture was the means of revealing a young girls’ good manners and noble nature through school education. What were the girls’ attitudes on the making of mourning pictures? The sentimental and romantic elemen
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