언어의 보편자질과 문법 기술 = Linguistic Universals and description of Grammar
저자
서정수 (세종대학교)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1971
작성언어
Korean
KDC
700.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
113-136(24쪽)
제공처
소장기관
This paper purports to discuss the concept and nature of “linguistic universals”and their relationship to the grammatical description of language.
The term “linguistic universals”refers to the essential properties of any human language. These properties are assumed to be based on the innate linguistic structure of the human organism.
The assumption of a universal (innate) linguistic structure is required on many grounds. First, it accounts for the remarkable ability of first language-learning. Every normal child acquires an extremely intricate and abstract grammar with great speed, under conditions that are far from ideal. By about the age of six, the child has mastered the essentials of his native language. That is, he internalies some finite system of rules necessary for creating and comprehending sentences that are completly novel to his experience. Phrased this way, it becomes explicit that language learning must be based on a rich innate system.
Second, the assumption of genetically determined linguis ticstructure accounts for many fundamental similarities manifested by all languages. Of course, languages are different in many ways. But in the deep structures of natural languages exist many common factors underlying the superficial differences which each particular language reveals.
Third, the assumption of innate structure of human organism accounts for the fact that only human beings learn to talk. According to many experiments language can be developed in the human child because of a special, inborn linguistic capacity.
On the above three grounds and others, if the assumption of linguistic universals is correct, then all languages in the world must be structurally very similar to one another. As far as the same genetically transmitted structureral frame work underlies all languages, language can be different only with respect to the peripheral features of structure that are adjusted in the course of native language acquisition.
The linguistic universals, that is, the same basic organized scheme which all languages share, underlies the linguistic competence of human beings. This competence is an internalized system of rules that determines sound-meaning connections for indefinitely many sentences. In other words an internalized grammar of language is specified(or defined) by the universal innate properties.
This internalized grammar must be described for linguistic and other purposes. Linguists have tried to describe the real organization of the internalized grammar and constructed various kinds of models (or hyphothesis) concerning the actual internalized system of rules. This used to be called a grammar, such as traditional, structual or generative grammar.
A grammatical medel (or theory) can be constructed in many ways. But the adequacy of grammatical description must be evaluated on the grounds of the achievement of its goal. A model grammar is descriptively justified to the extent that it correctly describes its object-the competence of the native speaker, and it is more highly justified, i.e. with explanatory adequacy, to the extent that it incorporates an account of linguistic universals which underlie the competence. Therefore, the most adequate grammatical description must be organized with in the context of the properties of linguistic universals. The form and organization of rules and the kinds of elements which a grammar can contain, and possible interrelations among these are all to be determined by the universal innate frame work.
For the present we cannot come at all close to constructing an adequate hypothesis about such an innate scheme. But some fruits are seen in the research of generative grammar.
As a model of such a grammar transformational generative grammar has recently been proposed. Since this theory was developed by N.Chomsky and his followers, it has proposed certain formal universals regarding the kinds of rules that can appear, the kinds of structures on which may operate, and the ordering conditions under which these rules may apply. This model has been changed, and is being revised and developed in its various aspects, but at the presesent it seems to be a most powerful candidate for the goal of linguistic description. This is the reason why a skelaton of the transformational-generative grammar is exemplified here in this paper as a gramm atical model which aims for accounting linguistic universals.
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