Tudor 王朝期의 産業構造와 支配體制의 特性 : 主로 職人條令을 通해서 본 = The Industrial Structure and the System of Government Characteristic of Tudor's Monarchic Regime
저자
文永相 (문리과대학)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1972
작성언어
Korean
KDC
040.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
29-61(33쪽)
제공처
소장기관
(1) The Study attempts to inquire into three problems.
First, how can we grasp the outline and characteristics of the general industrial structure under the government of absolutism that had been brought to perfection at the Elizabethan age?
Second, how did the monarchic rule of absolutism attempt to cope with all the awfully harmful troubles caused to the rural districts, the agriculture, the cities and towns, commerce and industry, by the development of rural manu facture?
Third, how can We understand What is Characteristic of the System of rule political, social and econmic-the political aim of the government reflected in the Statute?
The following are the four historical sources found to make an inquiry into the above-mentioned three questions.
(a) An Act Touching Divers Orders for Artificiers, Labourers, Servents of Husbandry and Apprentice(1563) (b) Memorandum on the Statute of Artificiers (1573) (c) W. Cecil's Industrial Program(1563) (b) An Act Touchig Weavers (1553)
Note : (a) is the material chiefly resorted to.
(b) (c) and (d) are supplementary references.
(2) The reason why the institution of the Statute of Artificiers was the inevitable is that in a nutshell the crisis of the industrial structure in the days of Tudor ws serious. That is to say, there arose such problems as the decline of urban industries. the crumbling of overseas markets, the protection of the privileged urban merchants in the Competition with the Hanseatic Merchants, the oppression of the rural manufacture that had developed to the national industry, the depopulaton of rural villages and the decay of tillage that had resulted from the advance of the enclosure movement, the increase of placement for the Workless, the peasants' riot, etc.
The Meaning of the Statute so instituted is found, in a negative Sense, in the Work itself of compiling a unified code to be inforced throughout the land-the Code revised so as to fit the current time, based on the preceding laws and regulations taken over. However, the conservativeness and the limit of its meaning involved in that Code cannot be overlooked.
To put it in a positive larger Sense, it is the establishment of Hierarchy, a class occupational and positional raising to the apex the privileged urban rich merchants as foreign traders, clothiers, etc. living in the cities and engaged in seven big occupations and making the lowest class in the society of those engaged in farming, also giving the rural villages inferiority to the interests of the cities to permanently make rural villages as agricultural Community on the ground of the basis of agricultural productions.
Demand made to the rural villages for such a subordinate position by the government reveals some contradiction within to be caused by the growth of the industrial middle-class in the rural district in future.
(3) In order to probe into the characteristics of the basic industrial structure, a study was made of the qualification to be an apprentice, the qualification to ba a Master, the forced work and the regulations of exemption from it, also analyzing the privileges enjoyed by the Corporate town (city, borough), the market town and the rural district. as a result, it is found that the whole area and the entire industrial field were the two series-the location of business and the type of occupation, and this classification discloses the following three characteristics.
(a) In the type of occupation, agriculture and Commerce-and-industry are clerely defined, and so are the rural and urban districts-the former as the center of agriculture and the latter aa the center of Commerce and industry. And both centers are the two divisions in their functions social and economic under the power of the state. For in principle one could not be a side-job of the other, and the change of employment was entirely impossible. Therefore, free transfer, free business and free choice of occupation were strictly restricted.
(b) The type of occupation and the location of business created Rank, what is so-called Hierarchy definite and unchangeable was formed. In other words, so far as the type of business is concerned, in the forms, as seven large urban privileged type of business, unprivileged handicraft of the Market towns, rural farming, and as far as the location is concerned, the corporate towns, market towns, rural district.
The pattern of reproduction came into being in order so as to make the rural farming and the rural manufacture oppressed by the economic controlling power of a few privileged towns like the capital city of London and by the wealthy merchants of the corporate towns.
(c) It was a certain amount of estate and those getting an income that could combine to-gether for reciprocal exchange the type of occupation and the location of business once severed. That is, it was only those who possessed a certain recognized space of land that could be privileged to join the upper class.
Therefore, like the preceding ages, the possession of land at that time provided the basic function in the industrial structure.
(4) The Statute reveals many provisions and aims signifying the principle "Agriculture First". nevertheless, what the monarchic government of absolutism aspired after implies a Supplementary means to preferentially accomplish the interests of the privileged towns and those engaged in Commerce and industry. This proves that the attempt was to get the rural district closely subject to the interests of the towns.
As for the developing rural manufacture, the intention was to have it subordinate to the towns in the capacity of a subcontractor of urban industry and at a means of restoring the Towns.
(b) It was instituted that the farming district and the agricultural field both as the home of the entire rural population, of the idle population of labor and of forced labor should take charge of their structural functions under the ideals of "Universal obligation to work".
what the Statute putts stress on is that the orderly life for livelihood in the area assigned and in the occupation settled and blocked onthe basis of the rank of location and grounded on the rank of the type of business is the life for common wealth in the Commonwealth.
(c) The traditional existing idea to define the two classes as opposed to one anoher-the influential land owners ofthe rural district and those engaged in commerce and industry in the towns, should have been corrected as a matter of course in the latter part of Tudor's Monarchie Regime.
In those days both were the social classes that were homogeneous, and these were the nucleus of the overwhelming bureaucracy, the axis of an organization in charge of maintaining the despotic sovereign power.
Such a role not only helped to accomplish the interests of the wealthy merchants of towns but also reinfored the ruling power fitted to the modern commercial society by the top class of the rural district.
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