Locational Emergence and Changing Pattern in Population Structure of Orchard Weed as Affected by Different Time of Tillage
저자
Cho, Yong-Supp (Hang-Nong Corporation) ; Guh,Ja-Ock (College of Agriculture,Chonnam National University) ; Chon, Sang-Uk (College of Agriculture,Chonnam National University) ; Kuk,Yong-In (College of Agriculture,Chonnam National University)
발행기관
全南大學校 農業科學技術硏究所(INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY CHONNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY)
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1993
작성언어
English
KDC
520.5
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
45-72(28쪽)
제공처
소장기관
These experiments were conducted to evaluate and generalize the patterns of community composition in orchard weeds in terms of individual number and fresh weight of weeds as affected by the time and number of weed mowing. The orchards were located in 9 different locations in which the directions of slope (southern slant, flat land, northern slant) and age of fruit trees (3, 6, 9 years old) were different. The degrees of light interception were different due to ages of fruit trees. Apple orchard was located in southwestern Korea and the treatments included untreated check, mowing in April/June, in May/July, In June/August, in July/September, in April/June/August, in July/September, in April/June/August, and in May/July/September. The results were summerized as follows.
1. VARIATION IN TOTAL BIOMASS OF WEEDS
a. The accumulative number of weeds when they were mowed decreased, compared with no mowing, but accumulative fresh weights increased with delayed mowing and increased mowings. However, mean individual number and fresh weight of weeds decreased in all the mowing treatments and decreased with increased number of mowings, especially when mowed from April to July decreased more than when from June to September.
b. According to the directions of slope, the number of weeds was greater in southern and northern slant than in flat land, and was decreased with increased light interception. Also, fresh weights of weeds were higher in flat land than in slant areas, and were high under 3 and 9 year-old trees which intercepted light transmission little or too much.
c. Variation in the number of weed species was generally not great, but was the greatest with no mowing and decreased with increased mowings.
2. VARIATION OF WEED BIOMASS BY WEED CLASSIFICATION
a. Because summer annual species, especially summer annuals grasses were dominant, the ratio of them to total weeds was higher in flat land than in slant areas, and was higher under young fruit trees which transmitted light good than under adult fruit trees.
b. The ratio in the number of annual species to total species was 69%. The ratios were 55, 27, and 36% for summer annuals, perennial Artemisia princeps, and gress species, respectively. The ratios of fresh weight were 72, 55, 23, and 37% for annuals, summer annuals, perennial Artemisia princeps, and grass species, respectively. Also, perennial and broadleaf species exploited 31 and 27%, respectively, in terms of the number, 27 and 63%, respectively, in terms of fresh weight.
c. The ratio in the number and fresh weight of pernnial Artemisia princeps was high when mowed in April/June/August and was low when mowed in April/June. It was judged that mowing in April to eliminate winter annual species and to promote the emergence of summer annual species as well as mowing in August to inhibit the secondary growth were required to suppress growth of Artmeisia princeps.
d. The ratio in the number and fresh weight of annual grass species, contrary to that of Artemisia princeps, was high when mowed in April/June and decreased when mowing was delayed by July/September.
3. VARIATION IN IMPORTANCE VALUE OF MAJOR WEED SPECIES
a. Weeds that showed the value greater than 1.0 under different slopes, ages of fruit trees, and mowing practices were 11 species, including Digitaria adscenders, Setaria viridis, Kummerovia striata, Polygonum lapathifolium, Chenopodium album, Commelina communis, Hemistepta lyrata, Sonchus oleraceus, Erigeron Canadensis, Youngia japonica, and Artemisia princeps.
b. Based on the results of dissimilarity by Importance Value and of clustering by average Iinkage method, the communities were divided into 13 similar groups, in which 7 large groups, 5 small groups and 1 independent group were subdivided. These similar groups were characterized first by degrees of light interception due to age of fruit trees, second by directions of slope, and thirdly by the first mowing time and number of mowings.
c. Importance Value of summer annual grass group averaged 37%, and was low in northern slant and under 6 year-old trees, but was high under 3 year-old trees which gave high light transmission. The value of summer annuals was as low as 13.5%, especially in southern slant and when mowed in May/July and in May/July September. Wintetr annual group had high values in southern slant and under 6 year-old trees, as well as in plots mowed in May/July and in May/July/September. On the other hand, the value of perennial weeds averaged 24.1%, and was low in flat land and under 3 year-old trees which showed 11.4% ans 11.8%, respectively, and also was low when mowed in April /June which showed 15.4%.
d. There was a highly negative correlation (r=0.954 **) between summer annual grass and perennial group, and they competed for importance value. As the result, species composition between them was not changed much as influenced by mowing practices. Also, a negative correlation between summer annuals and winter annuals was recognized (r=-0.820*), implying that because they replace their exploitation zone each other, changes in species composition were not great by weed mowing.
4. PLANT SOCIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION FOR CHANGES OF WEED SPECIES COMPOSITION
a. Diversity of weed species in the community was 3.54 to 3.65, and was higher in flat land and under 6 year-old trees than in slant areas and under 3 or 9 year-old trees. Diversity decreased when mowed in April/June and increased with increased number of mowings.
b. Hierarchial diversity, which indicates the rareness for a certain species within a community, showed a similar trend to diversity of species composition.
c. Probability of interspecific encounter (PIE), which is the index of species competition in weed communities, averaged 69 to 70%. The value was low in southern slant and under 9 year-old trees, and also was low when mowed in April/June. Thus, intraspecific competition index (1-PIE) was opposited to PIE.
d. Based on fresh weight of individual species, the similarity for the function of weed competiton among 63 mowing treatments was calculated and clustered. AS the result, 10 similar groups were divided as affected by directions of slope and ages of fruit trees. If these were divided into larger group, 4 similar groups were formed, including group of 3 year-old trees, flat land with 6 and 9 year-old trees, southern and northern slant with 6 year-old trees, and southern and northern slant with 9 year-old trees.
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