혼합동기 상황에서 경쟁/협동과 조절과제 수행상황에 따른 자기-조절 효과성 = Self-Regulation Effectiveness: The Role of Cooperation/Competition and the Nature of Task Setting

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The present study investigated how cooperation or competition in a mixed-motive setting affects subsequent self-regulatory performance of individuals. In so doing, the authors predicted that an individual's choice behavior in a previous mixed-motive setting (cooperation vs. competition) would have an impact upon his/her subsequent self-regulatory performance depending on the nature of the subsequent task setting. They also predicted that the presumed interaction effect would be moderated by individuals' social value orientation. Participants first performed the Ultimatum Game during which they repeatedly cooperated or competed. Participants were then given a second regulatory task which was presented as either a group task or an individual task. The main dependent variable was the level of performance on the second regulatory task. Results revealed a 3-way interaction effect. Specifically, cooperators who had competed during the Ultimatum Game performed better in the group task condition than in the individual task condition. They also reported higher levels of psychological discomfort associated with their competitive behavior in the Ultimatum Game. Interestingly, cooperators who had cooperated during the ultimatum game performed better in the individual task condition than in the group task condition. In contrast, competitors who had cooperated during the Ultimatum Game showed poor performance regardless of the nature of the second task. In addition, they performed poorly in the group task condition compared to the individual task condition. These results were discussed in light of ego-depletion in self-regulatory behavior. Implications of the study and suggestions for future direction are also discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

사회적 상호작용 장면에서 협동 및 경쟁 선택을 수반하는 선행 자기-조절 경험이 후속 자기-조절 수행에 미치는 영향을 실험을 통해 검증하였다. 참가자들은 최후통첩게임에서 자신의 사회적 가치지향성에 부합하지 않는 방향으로 선택 행동을 취한 다음 후속 조절 과제를 집단 과제 혹은 개인 과제로 수행했다. 참가자들의 사회적 가치지향성은 분배 게임(Van Lange, Otten, De Bruin, & Joireman, 1997)에서의 선택에 따라서 협동주의자 또는 경쟁주의자로 구분하였다. 연구 결과 사회적 가치지향성과 선행 조절과제에서의 선택행동, 그리고 후속 조절과제 수행상황 간의 3원 상호작용효과가 유의했다. 협동주의자들은 선행 조절 과제에서 경쟁 선택을 취한 후에 후속 조절 과제를 집단 과제로 수행했을 때 개인 과제로 수행했을 때보다 수행이 우수했다. 반면 협동주의자들은 선행 조절 과제에서 협동을 선택한 후 개인 과제 상황보다 집단 과제 상황에서 후속 과제 수행이 저조했다. 경쟁주의자들의 경우에는 선행 조절과제에서 경쟁을 선택한 조건보다 협동을 선택한 조건에서 후속 과제 수행 상황에 관계없이 모두 수행이 저조하였다. 또한, 선행 조절 과제에서 경쟁을 선택한 경쟁주의자들은 후속 조절 과제를 개인 과제로 수행했을 때보다 집단 과제로 수행했을 때 수행이 저조했다. 본 연구 결과를 자기-조절 강도 모형과 비교하여 논의하였으며, 연구의 의의 및 장래 연구의 방향을 논의하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 한덕웅, "한국유학심리학: 한국유학의 심리학설과 유교문화에 관한 심리학적 접근" 시그마프레스 2003
• 2 용정순, "사회적 배척/수용 경험과 자기-확증 가능성이 개인의 수행에 미치는 영향" 13-19, 2007
• 3 조긍호, "동아시아 집단주의의 유학사상적 배경: 심리학적 접근" 지식산업사 2007
• 4 De Cremer, D., "Why prosocials exhibit greater cooperation than proselfs: The roles of responsibility and reciprocity" 15 : 5-18, 2001
• 5 Blount, S., "When social outcomes arn’t fair: The effect of causal attributions on preferences" 63 : 131-144, 1995
• 6 Richeson, J. A., "When prejudice does not pay: Effects of interracial contact on executive function" 14 : 287-290, 2003
• 7 Vohs, K. D., "Understanding self-regulation. in: Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and application" Guilford Press 1-12, 2004
• 8 De Lange, M. A.., "To err is human: How regulatory focus and action orientation predict performance following errors" 45 : 1192-1199, 2009
• 9 Schelling, T., "The strategy of conflict" Harvard University Press 1960
• 10 Thibaut J. W., "The social psychology of groups" Wiley 1959
• 11 Baumeister, R. F., "The self. in: Handbook of social psychology (4th ed)" McGraw-Hill 680-740, 1998
• 12 Van Lange, P. A. M., "The pursuit of joint outcomes and equality in outcomes: An integrative model of social value orientations" 77 : 337-349, 1999
• 13 De Dreu, C. K. W., "The impact of social value orientation on negotiator behavior and cognition" 21 : 1178-1188, 1995
• 14 Ketelaar, T., "The effects of feelings of guilt on the behaviour of uncooperative individuals in repeated social bargaining games: An affect-as-information interpretation of the role of emotion in social interaction" 17 : 429-453, 2003
• 15 Larrick, R. P., "The claiming effect: Why players are more generous in social dilemmas than in ultimatum games" 72 : 810-825, 1997
• 16 Van Dijk, E., "Strategy and fairness in social decision making: Sometimes it pays to be powerless" 36 : 1-25, 2000
• 17 McClintock, C. G., "Social values and rules of fairness: A theoretical perspective. in: Cooperation and helping behavior" Academic Press 43-71, 1982
• 18 Kramer, R. M., "Social values and cooperative response to a simulated resource conservation crisis" 54 : 576-592, 1986
• 19 Van Dijk, E., "Social value orientations and the strategic use of fairness in ultimatum bargaining" 40 : 697-707, 2004
• 20 Van Lange, P. A. M., "Social value orientations and impressions of partner’s honesty and intelligence: A test of the morality effect" 67 : 126-141, 1994
• 21 Bogaert, S., "Social value orientation and cooperation in social dilemmas: A review and conceptual model" 47 : 453-480, 2008
• 22 Pilluta, M. M., "Social norms and cooperation in social dilemmas: The effects of context and feedback" 78 : 81-103, 1999
• 23 Dawes, R. M., "Social dilemmas" 31 : 169-93, 1980
• 24 Parks, C. D., "Social dilemma behavior of individuals from highly individualist and collectivist culture" 38 : 708-718, 1994
• 25 Schmeichel, B. J., "Self-regulatory strength. in: Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications" Guilford Press 84-98, 2004
• 26 Vohs, K. D., "Self-regulatory failure resource-depletion approach" 11 : 243-254, 2000
• 27 Vohs. K. D., "Self-regulation: How and why people reach (and fail to reach) their goals. in: Frontiers in social psychology:The self" Psychology Press 139-162, 2007
• 28 Baumeister, R. F., "Self-regulation and the executive function: The self as controlling agent. in: Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles (2nd ed)" Guilford Press 516-539, 2007
• 29 Vohs, K. D., "Self-regulation and self-presentation: Regulatory resource depletion impairs impression management and effortful self-presentation depletes regulatory resources" 88 : 632-657, 2005
• 30 Muraven, M., "Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?" 126 : 247-259, 2000
• 31 Muraven, M., "Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns" 74 : 774-789, 1998
• 32 Brown, J., "Self-control and social cooperation" 47 : 65-72, 1999
• 33 Dewitte, S., "Self-control and cooperation: Different concepts, similar decisions? A question of the right perspective" 135 : 133-153, 2001
• 34 Tice, D. M., "Restoring the self: Positive affect helps improve self-regulation following ego-depletion" 43 : 379-384, 2007
• 35 Trwalter, S., "Regulatory focus and executive function after interracial interactions" 42 : 406-412, 2006
• 36 Ciarocco, N. J., "Ostracism and ego depletion: The strains of silence" 27 : 1156-1163, 2001
• 37 Messick, D. M., "Motivational bases of choice in experimental games" 4 : 1-25, 1968
• 38 Kerr, N. L., "Motivation losses in small groups: A social dilemma analysis" 45 : 819-828, 1983
• 39 Shah, J. Y., "Membership has its epistemic rewards: Need for closure effects on in-group bias" 75 : 383-393, 1998
• 40 Muraven, M., "Mechanism of self-control failure: Motivation and limited resources" 29 : 894-906, 2003
• 41 Costa, P. T., "Longitudinal stability of adult personality. in: Handbook of personality" Academic Press 269-290, 1997
• 42 Komorita, S. S., "Interpersonal relations: Mixed motive interaction" 46 : 183-207, 1995
• 43 Kuhlman, D. M., "Individual differences in game motivation as moderators of preprogrammed strategic effects in prisoner’s dilemma" 32 : 922-931, 1975
• 44 Perugini, M., "Individual differences and social norms: The distinction between reciprocators and prosocials" 15 : 19-35, 2001
• 45 Gailliot, M. T., "Increasing self-regulatory strength can reduce the depleting effect of suppressing stereotypes" 33 : 281-294, 2007
• 46 Baumeister, R. F., "Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications" Guilford 2004
• 47 Kerr, N. L., "Group performance in collaborative and social dilemma tasks: Progress and prospects. in: Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Group processes" Blackwell 107-138, 2003
• 48 Martijn, C., "Getting a grip on ourselves: Challenging expectancies about loss of energy after self-control" 20 : 441-460, 2002
• 49 Pillutla, M. M., "Fairness in bargaining" 16 : 241-262, 2003
• 50 Kellly, H. H., "Errors in perceptions of intentions in a mixed-motive game" 6 : 379-400, 1970
• 51 Baumeister, R. F., "Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?" 74 : 1252-1265, 1998
• 52 Caccioppo, J. T., "Effects of need for cognition on message evaluation, recall, and persuasion" 45 : 805-818, 1983
• 53 Van Lange, P. A. M., "Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: Theory and preliminary evidence" 73 : 733-746, 1997
• 54 Schlenker, B. R., "Cooperators and competitors in conflict: A test of the "triangle model."" 22 : 393-410, 1978
• 55 Hulbert, L. G., "Cooperation in social dilemmas ans allocentrism: A social value approach" 31 : 641-657, 2001
• 56 Muraven. M., "Conserving self-control strength" 91 : 524-537, 2006
• 57 Wade-Benzoni, K. A., "Cognitions and behavior in asymmetric social dilemmas: A comparison of two cultures" 87 : 87-95, 2002
• 58 Alberts, H., "Carrying on or giving in: The role of automatic processes in overcoming ego depletion" 46 : 383-399, 2007
• 59 Fishbach. A., "Be better or be merry: How mood affects self-Control" 93 : 158-173, 2007
• 60 Carver, C. S., "Attention and self-regulation: A control theory approach to human behavior" Springer-Verlag 1981
• 61 Dunton, B. C., "An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions" 23 : 316-326, 1997
• 62 Guth, W., "An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining" 3 : 367-388, 1982
• 63 Festinger, L., "A theory of cognitive dissonance" Stanford University Press 1957
• 64 Kerr, N. L., ""...and besides, I probably couldn't have made a difference anyway": Rationalizing defection in social dilemmas" 33 : 211-230, 1997