북한의 정치-군사관계의 변천과 군내의 정치조직 운영에 관한 연구 = Changes of Party-Military Relation and Management of the Political Organizations of the People's Army in North Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Historical Changes of Party-Military Relation(1) :from the Army of the Party to the Army of the Great Leader(Suryong)
The Korean People's Army had been set up on Feb. 8, 1948 before the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was established. The Army o주ed a strong political character from its inception.
The Army was, from the beginning, the Army of the Party and the Army of revolution aimed at emancipating the southern half of the Korean peninsula. Especially, the Manchurian partisan group under the direct control of Kim Il-sung was absorbed in quantities into the Army. The control on the Army becomes much stronger through the period of the Korean War. While retreating in the Korean War, the Workers' Party of Korea took such measures as setting up of the Military Commission, the expansion of the cultural department into the political department. establishment of the party organs and the general political bureau in the army.
Kim Il-sung at the 4th Plenum of the Party Central Committee on November 1. 1951 denounced that Hoe Ga-yi's line of party organization had weakened the party, thus proposing to increase the party membership. The identifica-tion of the military with the party begins with the increased joining of the party members from the front.
After the truce treaty in July 1953. Kim Il-sung pursued the nation construction with the Army as its mainstay. while strengthening his party-centered base of power. He went on to beef up the military despite the severe economic difficulties in the period of reconstruction after the Korean War, thus further promoting the identification of the military with the party.
The August Plenum of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party held on August 30-31, 1956 saw a heated contest of power Kim Il-sung's partisan group and the Yonan group, where the partisan group came off victorious, making the partisan influences felt by far stronger in the military. Owing to these power shifts in and after the August Plenum, Kim Il-sung argued in the address on the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the army on February 8, 1958 that the Korean People's Army has succeeded to the tradition of partisan armed anti-Japanese campaigns. This is how he opened the way to transforming the Army of the Party into the Army of the Great Leader(Suryong) Kim Il-sung.
The 4th Party Congress, held on September 11-19, 1961. was a political event to announce inwardly and outwardly the firm establishment of the Kim II-sung system, and acted as a watershed also in terms of the identification of the military with the party. The international political situation in the early 1960s went to precipitate North Korea into more militarization. The military leaders from the partisan group confirmed the four military lines at the 5th Plenum of the 4th Central Committee of the Workers' Party held on December 10-14, 1962. Immediately following the Plenum, the Military Commission was revived as a new organization under the control of the Party Central Committee.
Critical Moments in the transformation of the Korean People's Army into the Army of the Great Leader( Suryong) were the 15th Plenum of the 4th Central Committee of the Workers' Party held on May 4-8, 1967 and the 4th Extended Plenum of the 4th Party Committee of the People's Army held on January 6-14, 1969. In the 15th Plenum where there was posed the issue of establishing the sole(yuil) thought system in the Workers' Party of Korea, a political crash was in store for Pak Kum-chol. Li Hyo-sun, Hoe Sok-son who were sorted as the Pan partisan group. In the 4th Extended Plenum where military adventurism was under fire, the strong men of the partisan group such as Kim Chang-bong. Hoe Bong-hak were purged from the political scene. The fall of kapsan group and military hard liners meant the final stage of formation of the Army of the Great Leader. that is. Kim Il-sung.
With the 4th Extended Plenum of the 4th Party Committee of the People's Army as a momentum. political commissars were dispatched to the military units at and above the regimental level and the organization-guidance department of the Party Central Committee carne to take charge of the political staff in the military. In 1969 Kim II-sung again administered a measure to dispatch chiefs of organization department to the political departments of the corps and above.
In the 5th Party Congress in November 1970, Kim Ii-sung emphasized that the leading role of the party in the army should be strengthened and that all projects should be organized and implemented under the guidance of the Party Committee. This has put the finishing touches on the process of transformation of the Army of the Party into the Army of the Great Leader.
Historical Changes of Party-Military Relation(2): from the Army of the Great Leader(Suryong) to the Army of the Heir
The 8th Plenum of the 5th Central Committee of the Workers' Party which was held in February 1974 decided on Kim Jong-il as the only heir to Kim Il-sung. thus putting the Army of the Great Leader on the path of bejng transformed into the Army of the Heir.
The work for exchange of party certificates since October 1972 and the movement of three revolutionary groups since February 1973 helped foster a mood to this end. After the designation of Kim Jong-il as the heir to power. the sole(yuil) thought system of the party was further strengthened and the sole(yuil) guidance system was also actively pursued. The sole(yuil) thought system of the party was designed to help Kim Jong-il take charge of the organization-guidance department and the propaganda-agitation department of the Party Central Committee and thus to concentrate all the party projects on him for realization of his sole(yuil) guidance system. This was part of an effort to transform the Party into the Party of the Heir prior to transforming the Korean People's Army into the Army of the Heir.
It was through the party organization that Kim Jong-il exercised his leadership on the military. The General Political Bureau of the Korean People's Army which controls the army in political terms was put under the direct control of the organization-guidance department and the propaganda-agitation department of the Party, and Kim Jong-il was able to form the Army of the Heir through the General Political Bureau.
As Kim Jong-il was about to recover from the shock of the Kim Dong-gyu Incident of June 1976, Kim Il-sung took a train of measures designed to establish Kim Jong-il's leadership on the military. For instance, Kim Il-sung summoned the convention of the propaganda activists of the Korean People's Army on November 30, 1977. where he emphasized the necessity of strengthening the political activities in the Army.
In 1979, Kim Jong-j] published writings, such as "On Strengthening the Propaganda and Agitation Activities in the Korean People's Army" (Feb. 14), Directions on Carrying out to the Full Indoctrination of the Whole Army with the Kimilsung-ism (May 5), and "On Further Development of Defense Industries" (Sept. 10). The biography of Kim Jong-il writes that his statements in February and May proposed the methods for carrying out the indoctrination of the whole army units with Juche Thought and the tasks for deepening the movements for red flags of three revolution lines. Kim Jong-il also advocated the model learning of Oh Jung and Kim Hyok so as to have his guidance carried out by dint of the party organs and political organizations and the propaganda-agitation system in the army.
The 6th Party Congress in October 1980 showed the fact that the Army was to be the Army of the Heir. Kim Jong-il came only behind General Secretary and Supreme Commander Kim Il-sung and Defence Minister Marshal Oh Jin-u in the Central Military Commission oh the Party, thus climbing into a position to guide the Military Commission. The establishment of the military department under the Party Secretariat in the guidance of Kim Jong-il contributed to further strengthening his grip on the Korean People's army.
Kim Jong-il was elected as the First Vice-Chairman of the National Defense Committee in May 1990. and was appointed as the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army in December 1991. On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Army establishment which fell on April 23. 1992. Kim Jong-il carried out a massive train of promotions among 622 general level officers together with conferment of military titles on them.
Two days later on April 25. Kim received a direct military parade report from Defence Minister Marshal Oh Jin-u. This made it patently evident inward and outward that the supreme military leader is Kim Jong-il and the Army was the Army of the Heir. In April 1993. Kim Jong-il was elected as the Chairman of the National Defense Committee and thus took charge of the prerogative of military supreme command.
Command Lines of the Military Apparatus
The military apparatus of North Korea has a complicated system. The main characteristic lies in that the military units have the military line(the staff department). the political line(the party organ and the political department) and the security line(the security department). The highest military apparatus comprises the National Defense Committee in the state field. the Central Military Commission in the party field, and the Supreme Headquarters in the military field.
Under the umbrella of the Supreme Headquarters come the military line(Ministry of People's Armed Forces. that is. Defence Ministry and General Staff. General Logistics Bureau). the political line(General Political Bureau) and the security line(Political Security Bureau).
The Ministry of People's Army is not in a competent position to control the whole forces but takes charge of military administration. military diplomacy and military judicial affairs. The Minister of People's Armed Forces has under its direct umbrella the Foreign Affairs Bureau. the Military Police Bureau. the Logistical Support Bureau, the Military Court and the Military Prosecution Bureau.
The General Staff of the People's Army directly manages the headquarters of different armed forces and army branches, and heads many directly subordinate bureaus. such as operations. military training. military mobiliza-tion, arms. reconnaissance. engineering. communications direction. chemistry. geology. secret service. officers. personnel. inspection. military history pub-lications. Especially the operations bureau of the General Staff Bureau is the core military in charge of operations. military movements, daily plans and activities of the commanders of various levels.
On the other hand. the General Political Bureau can be characterized as the executive organ of the party committee of the People's Army. thus organizing and implementing the party political activities in the People's Army. The General Political Bureau directly subordinates the organization department and the propaganda departments and other departments such as officers, statistics. intelligence, inspection, special political affairs. cul-tural liaison. counter-propaganda. guidance of Youth League. and education departments. Especially the organization department charged with party life and personnel matters of the servicemen is exercising a strong range of competencies under the guidance of the organization guidance department of the Party Central Committee.
Under the direction of the General Political Bureau come the corps political department. the. division political department. the regimental political department and the battalion political department. and these political departments of various levels have relations with the party committees of corresponding levels.
The heads of the corps. division. regimental departments are political commissars(the level of the chief of Secretariat of the corresponding party committees) dispatched direct from the Party Central Committee. and the chief of political section is responsible for the battalion political matters. Responsible for the organization life of the party members at and above the regimentals level are the chief of organizing section(at the level of organization secretary of the corresponding party committees). The company level unit has a political officer under the direction of the battalion political department instead of setting up a separate political organization.
Management of Political Organizations in the Military
At the military units of each level exist the staff department along the military line. the political department along the political line and the secret department along the secret line. In the military formations above the regimental level. the commanding officer and the chief of staff take charge of the staff department. and the political commissar and the chief of organizing section take charge of the political department.
The battalion commander and the battalion chief of the political section. and the company commanding officer and the company political officer are responsible respectively for the military and political lines at the battalion and company levels. Of course. the security lines are managed separately.
In the political department at and above the regimental level exist the organizing section. the propaganda section. the executive section, the youth section, the third. broadcasting section. and the family support section among which the largest and core section is the organizing section and next comes the propaganda section. The political department at the battalion level is not divided into sections but positions a political officer to each function in a functionally miniaturized structure of the higher level.
Among the political activists the political commissars at and above the regimental level and the political officers down at the battalion level are important positions in terms of actual affairs.
Political commissars carry on functions such as thought system. the strengthening of the party prevention of military leaders' disobedience the establishment of the sole(yuil) committees' group leadership, the to the party politics and the strengthening of party discipline among the military commanders.
The duties of the company military officer include l)the strengthening of political thought and indoctrination among the servicemen, 2)the promotion of harmony between officers and soldiers, between the military and the civilians, and between party members and Youth League members, 3}the efforts at strengthening company military training. 4)the strengthening of company discipline. 5)the guarantee of the company men's living.
The necessity is emphasized for cooperation between the military and political lines coexisting in the units at various levels in the People's Army, but there are said to be not a few conflicts and quarrels between them. These conflicts seem to be inevitable considering the command lines based on mutual checking.
The analysis above indicates a slim chance that there may arise a military coup in North Korea. Chairman of the National Defense Committee and Supreme Commander of the People's Army Kim Jong-il is monopolizing military, political and security lines. putting the Defence Minister or the chief of General Staff in no position to make any important decision independently.
In the military structure where the political and military lines are cleary separated and pitted against each other, the military commanders and political activists find it nearly impossible to cooperate for a military coup. It can also be understood in this vein that not only the military top level but also the regimental level were purged of Anti-Kim Jong-il disposed personnel in the process of transforming the military into that of the heir to power.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말
• Ⅱ. 정치-군사관계의 역사적 변천(1):‘당의 군대’에서‘수령의 군대 ’로
• Ⅲ. 정치-군사관계의 역사적 변천(2):‘수령의 군대’에서 ‘후계자의 군대’로
• Ⅳ. 군사기구의 계통
• Ⅴ. 군내의 정치조직 운영 실태
• Ⅵ. 맺음말
• summary