KCI등재
국제 지역 또는 특별관습법 = Local Customary International Law or Particular Customary Law
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2015
작성언어
-주제어
KDC
300
등재정보
KCI등재
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
105-134(30쪽)
DOI식별코드
제공처
소장기관
International community does not yet reach at clear and consistent the definition and requirements of local customary or particular customary law. However, for the nature of international conflicts among certain countries, certain local customary law may be more important as the ICJ``s trial standards than (general) customary international law. Also, it is doubtful that the requirements of various local customary or particular customary laws could be discussed in one category. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to summarize and provide the concept and the requisites of local customary or special customary law including the basis of the binding effects and the burden of proof. Under lack of the clearly fixed concept of customary international law, it should be avoided like inordinate dogmatic access to meet the establishing requisites or any theory in black and white, asking for the evidence of a state’s consent as a basis of binding effects on the country. Without demarcation among general, local, or particular customary law, if international community rigorously asks state’s consent to establish customary law as the basis of binding effects like that in a treaty, it could not obtain possible standards for dispute resolution and not develop international law through international courts. Such a local customary, or particular customary law can be conceptualized and objectified in the way of recognizing the diverse practices of countries as well as considering the necessity of standards for dispute resolutions. This article will tidy up the various, uncertain definitions and establishing requisites for local customary or particular customary law and present clearer and more specific criteria. First of all, ‘generality of a practice’ is not a requisite to build up international customary law. According to the article 38 of the ICJ statute (former PCIJ statute), Under the article, which provides that “[t]he Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply… international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law…”, only ‘general’ customary law would be recognized as the rule but local customary law or particular customary law might be excluded. However, ‘generality of a practice’ is not an indispensible requisite when the article was proposed in 1930s. The ICJ asks rather strict requisites for establishment of customary law in some cases but sometimes asks modified requisites for other cases. The opinion requiring more strict requisites for establishment of local customary law does not explain the some cases in which the ICJ found the existence of local customary law by rather modified requisites. Based on these reasons, this article divide the customary law into ① “general local customary law” in which the interests of local disputed parties get influence to that of other countries, ② “particular local customary law” in which the interests of local disputed parties (normally two countries) don’t influence to other countries’ interests. The countries insisting “general local customary law” are on the burden of proof for the establishing requisites of international customary law like customary practice as well as the existence of opinio juris, including belief that the custom exists as law. Thus, the repetition of practice and opinio juris are strictly required in order to recognize the presence of “general local customary law.” Also, the disputed parties should confirm opinio juris that those practices are bound to the customs. Mere frequent repetition of practices or even habitual practice is not enough by itself. In some cases in which the ICJ found “particular local customary law,” the court accepted the country’s argument of the practice existence without requesting clear proof about it. As a relaxing way of proving the presence of opinio juris, if the practice surely exists, the ICJ regards that opinio juris is accompanied with the practice. The relaxed requisites are applied to “particular local customary law” when dispute parties need normative standards to govern their legal relations and to resolve the dispute, or when there are historical practices between them. There is an argument that it is neither necessary nor desirable to increase the showing required to find opinio juris in special custom. Also, where the parties are interacting in a way that indicates the presence of opinio juris, there is no reason that international court should be reluctant to find the presence. This article intends to expand the concept of ‘opinio juris’ as an establishing requisite of “particular local customary law.” ‘Opinio juris’ is opinio juris sive necessitates. So, the concept could be expanded to ‘opinio juris or opinio necessitates.’ Accordingly the necessity of regulatory standards to solve the conflicts or to govern the relationship between disputed parties would be considered as opinio necessitates. Also, as an establishing requisite of “particular local customary law,” practices include a countries’ overlook or absence of persistent objection against the other country’s act. In short, if there are practices between disputed parties, “particular local customary law” is established when regulatory standards are necessary to govern the relationship between the parties or to solve the conflicts, where ‘opinio necessitates,’ exist.
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