기후위기 시대 영농형태 변화에 따른 농업용 지하수 관리전략 연구 = Agricultural Groundwater Management Strategies in Response to Agricultural Pattern Changes in the Era of Climate Crisis
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2021
작성언어
-주제어
KDC
500
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
1-118(118쪽)
제공처
Ⅰ. Background and Aims of Research
□ A decrease and aging in the farm household population, improvement in national income, and changes in dietary life over the past 50 years has caused an increase in the production of field crops such as vegetables and fruit trees, along with an increase in the area of cultivated facilities. Recently, smart agriculture has received attention for year-round productivity and quality improvement of field crops, leading to changes in farming patterns along with facility cultivation.
□ The changes in farming patterns has requested clean water for agricultural use throughout the year, then uses of clean and thermally-stable groundwater have been increasing. Simultaneously, the concern about agricultural damage due to groundwater depletion and deterioration of groundwater quality is growing.
□ Therefore, it is necessary to identify the issues of groundwater for agricultural use and to come up with a rational management strategies for agricultural groundwater in accordance with the basic national water management principles such as water cycle soundness, water demand management, and integrated water management.
□ This work aims to diagnose agricultural groundwater issues due to changes in farming patterns through statistical data analysis, previous research review, field case analysis and inquiry, interviews with residents and public officials, and collecting expert opinions. Then we present agricultural groundwater management strategies and policy tasks for solving the issues in the era of climate crisis.
Ⅱ. Changes in Farming Patterns of South Korea
□ Statistical data analyses show that changes in cultivated crops and conversion of paddy fields, such as increasing field farming instead of decreasing paddy farming for the past 10 years (2010-2019) due to various social, economical, and environmental reasons. It also show that the area of open-air cultivation is gradually decreasing and the area of facility cultivation is increasing. The cultivation type appears to be relevant to the crop species, so it is analyzed that fruit cultivation in facilities is increasing while cultivation of special crops in the open field is increasing.
□ For a countermeasure against the shift in the appropriate cultivation zone due to climate change, it is expected that the facility cultivation method that can control the growth environment throughout the year will be expanded for crop production throughout the year.
Ⅲ. Agricultural Groundwater for Cultivation Patterns
1. General status of agricultural groundwater
□ Of the total agricultural water use in Korea, the use of groundwater for agricultural purposes was 510 million m3/year (as of 2018), accounting for 9.8%. About 49.0% of the total groundwater wells and about 51.9% of the total groundwater use amount is used for agricultural purposes.
□ As of 2018, 90.4% of the total agricultural groundwater wells(790,198 wells) were reported, and only 1.5% (11,699 wells) were permitted with licences. In all cities and provinces except for Jeju Island, average daily groundwater use amount of the reporting facilities is very small and less than 10 m3/day·site. Groundwater wells account for the largest proportion of agricultural production infrastructure in accordance with 「Rural Development Act」. Most of them are managed by local governments.
- Agricultural production infrastructure in accordance with 「Rural Development Act」 is a facility for supplying water for rice paddy farming, and is classified into reservoirs, pumping stations, drainage stations, blowing weirs, collecting culverts, groundwater wells, and others (e.g. seawalls). The number of groundwater wells is 26,840, which is 36.5% of the total agricultural production infrastructure.
□ As a result of the operation of the Rural Groundwater Management Observation Network, as of 2018, 14.4% were found to exceed the nitrate nitrogen groundwater quality standard. The deterioration of agricultural groundwater can be caused by insufficient management of pollutants in rural areas.
2. Agricultural groundwater uses for cultivation patterns
□ Characteristics of cultivation sites and groundwater uses
- Spatial characteristics of cultivation sites of Jinju-si show that the areas where farmland has been consolidated or arranged sites are generally clustered over a certain size, and are mainly developed in the low-lying areas near rivers or in the downstream areas of lakes. On the other hand, in the case of field areas, most of the fields were not arranged and distributed in mountainous areas. In the case of field areas where some fields were rearranged, they were distributed in the lowlands around rivers,
- In areas where facility cultivation is clustered, groundwater development and use facilities are also densely distributed, whereas paddy fields or fields without arable land are generally distributed sporadically in mountainous areas, and groundwater facilities are also distributed similar to the distribution of farmland similar to the facility cultivation areas
□ Groundwater use in water film cultivation facilities
- For water film cultivation, the average daily use of groundwater per facility was reported as 64±11 m3/day, and the average groundwater consumption per well was 126±50 m3/day. Assuming that the water film operation period is 120 days during winter, the annual groundwater use for water film cultivation facilities is 573 million m3, accounting for 32.8% of the groundwater use for agriculture and fishery
Ⅳ. On-Site Agricultural Groundwater Issues
□ Big data analysis, field case review, field inquiry, and interviews with residents and public officials, and collecting expert opinions were done in order to derive on-site agricultural groundwater issues.
□ Three major on-site issues are derived as follows. Firstly, the development of groundwater wells with a pumping rate of less than 150 ㎥/day increases for field farming and facility cultivation water supply. Secondly, the groundwater demand increases for high income crops. Thirdly, the concern about groundwater depletion for water film cultivation during winter.
Ⅵ. Agricultural Groundwater Management Strategies and Tasks In Response to Issues
□ This study suggests four strategies for agricultural groundwater management and several tasks for each strategy.
[Strategy 1] Establishment of a groundwater use basis considering surface water based on water demand
□ Development and promotion of a demand-tailored surface watergroundwater complex model for riverside fields or facility complexes
□ Promotion of public water supply for small-scale grouped groundwater well fields, facility cultivation, and smart farms (tentatively called ‘water supply project for areas with poor water supply’ or ‘field base maintenance reinforcement project’)
□ Establishment of a watershed-level groundwater use and management system considering the lack of soil moisture (agricultural drought) and river maintenance flow (environmental drought)
[Strategy 2] Reinforcement of public management of agricultural groundwater wells and improvement of efficiency
□ Implementation of the permit system for groundwater development and use facilities in fields or facility complexes of a certain size or larger
□ Establishment of underground water facility management system for energy use such as water film facilities and geothermal heat
□ Establishment of a legal and institutional basis to promote the linked use of groundwater wells
□ Establishment and activation of resident participation and cooperative governance for efficient use and management of collective-type groundwater wells
[Strategy 3] Co-Benefit groundwater management through the Water-Energy-Food nexus access
□ Improving the legal system and promoting technology demonstration projects to promote the installation of artificial groundwater cultivation facilities in water film facilities
□ Promotion of promotion of supply of new and renewable energy (geothermal heat, etc.)
□ Pollution source management for the conservation and maintenance of high-quality agricultural groundwater
□ Water-energy-food (agricultural) nexus policy model development and pilot project (tentative name 'Low Carbon Green Agricultural Complex') promotion
[Strategy 4] Advancement of agricultural groundwater information
□ Measurement of actual agricultural groundwater usage using smart technology
□ Full investigation of the usable capacity of the clustered groundwater facilities
□ Information diversification for agricultural groundwater management
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