Relation between occupant satisfaction with indoor environmental quality and building characteristics, workspace, and personal factors
저자
발행사항
Seoul : Graduate School, Yonsei University, 2012
학위논문사항
학위논문(석사)-- Graduate School, Yonsei University : Dept. of Housing and Interior Design 2012.2
발행연도
2012
작성언어
영어
주제어
발행국(도시)
서울
기타서명
건물 특성, 업무공간 특성, 개인 특성이 오피스 거주자의 실내환경 만족도에 미치는 영향
형태사항
xviii, 139 p. : 삽화(일부천연색) ; 26 cm
일반주기명
지도교수: Chungyoon Chun
소장기관
As people in industrialized countries spend 90% of their time indoors, indoor environmental quality has considerable influence on the physical, mental and social health of modern people. Furthermore, the indoor environmental quality in office buildings has critical influence on occupants’ productivity. ASHRAE and ISO recommend the comfort zone of indoor environment though the standards such as ISO 7730 and ASHRAE 55. However, as the comfort zone in field study were witnessed wider than the comfort zone referred in experiment study. On the interrelationship between human and environment, Adaptive theory hold that the physical environment condition which is most comfortable to human is not absolute but relative, which means that personal control, social factor, perception and behavior affects comfort to indoor environment. Occupants satisfaction with indoor environment quality is affected not only physical indoor environment factors (temperature, humidity, concentration of indoor pollutants, noise level and air velocity, etc.), but also various non-physical indoor environmental factors such as building scales, workspace office type and number of occupants. In this study, effect of these non-physical factors on occupant satisfaction with indoor environmental quality is focused on.
The primary objective of this thesis is to investigate the relation between occupant satisfaction with IEQ factors (thermal environment, indoor air quality, acoustic environment - noise level and speech privacy, lighting environment). and building characteristics (gross square footage, the number of floors, the number of occupants, year of construction, glazing type, climate zone and location type), workspace characteristics (office type, distance from windows) and personal factors (gender and age).
The current study is based on web-based survey administered by Center for Built Environment (CBE) in University of California at Berkeley. Survey database of this study were performed in the buildings in membership of CBE in United States of America, Canada, Australia and Finland from 2000 to 2010. 19,569 occupants participated in the occupant satisfaction survey of 91 office buildings.
SEM (Structural equation model) was applied in this study, to investigate and compare the influences of building characteristics, workspace characteristics and personal factors on occupant satisfaction with IEQ. Statistical methods for comparison mean difference between groups such as t-test and One way ANOVA(Analysis of Variance) were used, to examine concretely the effect of building, workspace and personal characteristics on occupant satisfaction with individual IEQ factors. To describe the sources of dissatisfaction with temperature, odor, noise and the amount of lighting, multi-response analysis has been applied.
The key findings from this research are as follows.
1) On occupant satisfaction with indoor thermal environment, ‘gender’ was the most effective factor on occupant satisfaction with indoor air quality. Male are more satisfied with indoor air quality than female. ‘The number of occupant’ with negative effect came second, followed by ‘distance from the nearest window’, ‘gross square feet’, ‘age’, ‘office type’, ‘climate zone’, ‘glazing type’ and ‘year of construction’.
Occupants were mainly dissatisfied by the sources of ‘often too hot’, ‘often too cold’ problem, ‘Too high or too low air movement’ problem and ‘thermostat by others control’ problem.
2) ‘Gender’ was also the most effective variable on satisfaction with indoor air quality. Male is more satisfied with indoor air quality than female. Occupants near the window represented higher satisfaction with indoor air quality than those far from the window. As mentioned above gender placed first in influence, ‘distance from the nearest window’ came second, followed by ‘the number of occupants’, ‘gross square feet’, ‘age’, ‘office type’, ‘climate zone’, ‘glazing type’ and ‘year of construction’.
The main sources of odor dissatisfaction were ‘food’, ‘carpet and furniture’ and ‘odors from other people’.
3) ‘Office type’ placed first in influence on satisfaction with noise level, ‘distance from the nearest window’ came second, followed by ‘the number of floors’, ‘climate zone’, ‘age’, ‘the number of occupants’, ‘gender’ and ‘glazing type’. Respondents in cubicles with partitions are least satisfied with noise level, and those in enclosed private office are most satisfied. Respondents far from the window showed lower satisfaction than those near the window.
Also, ‘office type’ placed first in influence on satisfaction with speech privacy, ‘distance from the nearest window’ came second, followed by ‘glazing type’, ‘age’, ‘the number of occupants’, ‘the number of floors’, ‘climate zone’, ‘gender’. Occupants in enclosed private office are most satisfied with speech privacy of their workspaces, and those in cubicles with high partitions are least satisfied. Respondents near the window showed higher satisfaction than those far from the window.
By the problems of ‘people overhearing my private conversations’, ‘people talking in neighboring areas’, ‘people talking on the phone’ and ‘telephone ringing’, occupants are dissatisfied.
4) The most effective variable on occupant lighting satisfaction is ‘distance from the nearest window’. Respondents near the window showed higher satisfactions with lighting environment than those far from the window. Occupants in cubicles with high partitions are least satisfied, and those in enclosed private offices are most satisfied. The distance from the nearest window placed first in influence, ‘office type’ came second, followed by ‘the number of floors’, ‘climate zone’, ‘location type’, ‘the number of occupants’, ‘gender’, ‘glazing type’, ‘year of construction’ and ‘age’.
Respondents are dissatisfied with lighting environment by the problems of ‘not enough daylight’, ‘too dark’ and ‘reflections on the computer screen’.
5) ‘Distance from window’ is comparatively strong factor on all categories of occupant satisfaction. Gender is the effective factor on satisfaction with thermal environment and indoor air quality, but not as much as satisfaction with acoustic and lighting environment. On the contrary to gender, ‘office type’ does not have strong effect on satisfaction with thermal environment and indoor air quality, but much effective on satisfaction with acoustic and lighting environment.
6) As the number of occupants grows, the satisfaction with all IEQ factors decreases. When ‘gross square feet per occupant’ decreases, satisfaction with thermal environment, indoor air quality, speech privacy and lighting environment also decreases. In the operable glazed buildings and in the seats near the window, occupants are always more satisfied than in the sealed buildings and in the seats far from the window. Occupants in enclosed private office are the most satisfied with all IEQ factors.
7) ‘Distance from window’ and ‘glazing type’ have interaction effect on satisfaction with thermal environment, noise level, speech privacy and lighting environment. The reason of this interaction has two possible explanations. First, window near seat in operable glazed buildings have many benefits such as views of the outside, less density around one’s seat, and occupants’ professionally higher position in the company. Moreover, occupants who work near the window in operable glazed buildings have plentiful opportunity to control their personal environment around the workspaces and the opportunity makes occupants more tolerant to the environment. Second, the ratio of enclosed private offices among window near seats in operable buildings is high, and occupants in enclosed private office showed the highest satisfaction in all categories of indoor environmental quality.
8) ‘Gross square feet per floor’ showed negative effect on occupant satisfaction with thermal environment, indoor air quality, acoustic environment and lighting environment. Accordingly, if the gross square feet are same, elongated shape is preferably better than low and wide mass of building shape for occupant satisfaction.
Current study observed the effects of building characteristics, workspace and personal factors in a big picture, and compared the power of effects. Additional questions were followed one after another and the reasons were found and estimated among diverse factors. However, verified effect paths in SEM were all one stage. Building Characteristics, workspace, and personal factors are more organized in complex relationship between each other and affect occupant satisfaction with indoor environmental quality. Accordingly, in the next step, development of more significant and compositive model should be taken. Moreover, ‘how occupant satisfaction with each IEQ factors affects the overall satisfaction with workspace and overall satisfaction with building’ is significant topic, which is not investigated in this study. Taking this study a step further, not only ‘the relation between satisfaction with individual IEQ factors and building characteristics, workspace as well as personal factors’, but also ‘the relation between satisfaction with individual IEQ factors and overall factors’ should be investigated in combination, in further study.
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