지표환경변화 평가 개선을 위한 원격탐사와 GIS 기법 연구 : 안면도와 천수만 지역을 중심으로 = (A)study of remote sensing and GIS techniques for improvement of land-surface environmental changes assessment
The purposes of this study were to improve techniques for land-surface environmental changes assessment in the Anmyeondo and Cheonsuman Bay. It centers on the changes in the land-surface and the sedimentary environment through methods of GIS and remote sensing. This also intends to develop an appropriate method for discerning problems and improvements, and for analyzing the landscape of the land-surface by applying existing research methods that involve GIS and remote sensing to this investigation.
Recently, the range of human activity has become wider with a rapid progress of scientific technique. That resulted in natural environment destruction and dried up natural resources. Those problem are raising in a great factor through out the world. Especially, environment change is becoming strained as the moderm civilization has industrialized. Several kinds of methods are suggested to solve those problems.
Therefore, In this study, remotely sensed data with multi-temporal and multi-spectral images and environmental data with topography, geology, hydrology, land cover, forest, population, road and planning map are integrated using image processing and GIS technique to analyze land-surface environment of western coastal area. The results were summarized as follows:
The remote sensing method is effective in classifying and measuring sediments that change. The boundary of the tidal flat is not clear, after satellite data have been used to analyze environmental changes of sedimentation and erosion.
The tidal flat of Cheonsuman Bay changes in many ways depending on the direction of the tidal current. In the neighborhood of Ganwoldo, the scale of the tidal flat is continuously being expanded due to the superiority of sedimentary environment after a tide embankment was built. When the grain size of sediments has been analyzed and the topography of the spot investigated for each of the previously mentioned places, it was found that the innermost part of the bay consists of a mud flat, with the midway part mixed flat, and the nearest part to the sea sand flat.
For the study of sediments hyperspectral reflectance using portable filed spectroradiometer with a 0.35~2.5㎛ spectral range, most of the sample with moisture decrease spectral reflectance in 1400nm, 1900nm. Over 50% moisture content condition, sediments reflectance are nearly the same as clear water reflectance. Dry sediment is generally increasing level of reflectance with increasing wavelength, particularly in visible and near-infrared portion of spectrum. Pixel values, radiance and reflectance measurements from Landsat TM data were compared with field grain size data and used to develop linear regression equation to estimates of sediments grain size can be made using Landsat TM data especially in range of band 4,5 and 7.
In the neighborhood of Seomot isle and its beach, sedimentary environment are superior in the eastern part while erosion environment are superior in the western part. In other words, the western coast of the beach is contact with the open seas and under much influence of ocean wave. The eastern coast is placed at the entrance of the bay and has sand bar and tidal flat developed due to submarine deposits that are accumulated on the sea floor by the tidal current.
The tidal flat can be analyzed into five sediments class through the unsupervised classification method(ISODATA) for non-hierarchical clustering. It can be confirmed that classifying sediments class of the tidal flat using existing Landsat TM Band for each topography is more accurate than classifying them using PCA.
Multi-spectral images of the satellite data are analyzed for purpose of detecting changes in the land-surface scenery in the last 20 year or so, from 1981 to 2000. The findings are as follows:
Farming land is increased while the sea and forests are decreased. This is because the sea and tidal flat are reduced due to the land reclamation project that was actively carried out in the late 20 centurty. Forests around existing communities are destroyed due to the development of tourist resorts and expansion of the settlement area.
When it comes to the time-series analysis for chaneged environment of the land -surface in the Anmyeondo, the way of using the land cover was changed depending on the reclamation of the shore, cultivation of the wasteland, development of pasture, etc. before the 1980s. After the mid-1980s, private lodging facilities and shops were increased at sixes and sevens around the beach and semi-agricultural area.
For example, land is utilized in an urban style when villages are developd on the crossroads where local road No.649 and roads leading to resorting places and towns are met. Unforested land is continuously being decreased in regions where local development is being executed. However, this land-surface is reforested due to the limitation of development, where strong regulations are applied and where national park areas are overlapped with the natural environs conservation area, birds and beasts sanctuary, natural protection forest, recreation forest, etc.
Typical areas of changed environment of the land-surface are stated next: Future environment of the land-surface are compared, reviewed, and inspected in a space-integrated manner in order to prepare for the basis of the prediction method. Materials of the artificial satellite and materials collected from natural, cultural, and social statistics are used.
In the Anmyeondo, a region where land-coating change is very likely to occur in a large scale, is found to be the one on a plain near the shore. In particular, the down-land plain of less than 5% slope and less than 15m altitude, adjacent to the ocean is quite vulnerable to the aggravation of coastal environment on account of current, large-scale development. Counter-measure are therefore urgent.
Thematic mapped land-surface data are integrated for spatial analysis of land-surface environment using GIS. This is most influential in the changing environment of the land-surface among the maps of natural, cultural, and social environment. In the natural environment, the membership values of the altitude has the highest imputed functional value(0.905) and the lowest clinic density value(0.735). In social and economic environment, the population density degree(0.848) is the biggest variable. In legal matters, the utilization planning of national land(0.931) is the biggest among the changing environment of the land-surface.
When changes on the land-surface environment is analyzed through thematic maps of natural, cultural, and social environment, it is possible to predict the change with relative accuracy using the Fuzzy logic operation. Particularly, the most accurate result can be obtained when the Fuzzy maximum operation method is used.
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