Documentary history of the Truman presidency . Vol. 10 , President Truman's fight to unify the armed services, 1945-1949

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Acknowledgments = xxv
• Publisher's Note = xxv
• General Introduction = xxvii
• Introduction = xxxiii
• Document 1, July 17, 1945 Charts Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Organizational charts entitled "Proposed Organization U.S. Defense," "Under Secretary for Army," "Under Secretary for Air," and "Under Secretary for Supply." = 1
• Document 2, September 14,1945 Diary excerpt Fr: Harold D. Smith Harold D. Smith Diary White House Conference on the postwar Navy (10:00 AM), Summary of discussion regarding naval size and strength, military services and civilian budgetary and fiscal considerations, and the issues of naval reserve officers. Highlights include proposals and objections of Representative Vinson, chairman of the House Committee on Naval Affairs, regarding the reorganization of the Navy = 5
• Document 3, October 4, 1945 Letter To: James Forrestal Fr: Harry S. Truman Papers of Harry S Truman White House Central Files-Official File, Assigning of responsibility for the collection of information, participation in congressional hearings, and general coordination of efforts to implement legislative measures highlighted in Section 10 of the president's Message to Congress regarding universal training, selective service, and unification of the armed forces. = 8
• Document 4, October 22, 1945 Report (Volume 1) To: David 1. Walsh Fr: James Forrestal Papers of George M Elsey Unification of the War and Navy Departments and Postwar Organization for National Security, Senate Committee Print of the Eberstadt Report to the Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal for the use of the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs. Highlights include meaning of term "unification", purpose of the military establishment; relation of the military establishment to the Constitution, customs, and traditions, necessity of public support; recognition of changing conditions, interdepartmental relations, strengths and weaknesses disclosed in World War Ⅱ; organizational alternatives, coordination versus unification, and recommendation against unification = 9
• Document 5, October 22, 1945 Chart Papers of George M Elsey Proposed Organization for National Security, Organizational chart depicting the Eberstadt Report recommendations for tying together military and political organizations as well as economic and civilian ones with provision for linking the two = 66
• Document 6, October 6, 1945 Letter with attachments To: Robert P. Patterson Fr: Harry S. Truman Papers of Harry S. Truman. White House Central Files-Official File, Acknowledgment of October 5, 1945, letter enclosing report on the status of legislative measures relating to volunteer military service, the national security program and universal military training, selective service, and unification of the armed forces, from the standpoint of the War Department = 67
• Document 7, October 11, 1945 Memorandum with enclosure To: President Truman Fr: James Forrestal Papers of Hairy S Truman. White House Central Files-Official File Report on Legislative Measures, Report on the status of legislative measures relating to volunteer service in the armed forces, the national security program and universal military training, selective service, and unification of the armed forces, from the standpoint of the Navy Department. = 83
• Document 8, October 17, 1945 Statement To Senate Committee on Military Affairs Fr. Robert P. Patterson Papers of Samuel 1. Rosenman, Statement by Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson before the Senate Military Affairs Committee, October 17, 1945, Discussion of unification of the War and Navy Departments. Highlights include position of the secretary of war, Special Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff UCS), lessons of World War Ⅱ in command and control of armed services, reasons for a unified command, objections to single control and organization, and essential elements of a single department = 98
• Document 9, October 18, 1945 Statement To: Senate Committee on Military Affairs Fr: George C. Marshall Papers of Samuel Ⅰ. Rosenman, Statement by General of the Army George C. Marshall before the Committee on Military Affairs of the United States Senate concerning the Unification of the War and Navy Departments, Thursday, October 18, 1945, Highlights include need for unification, comparison of unification versus cooperation, and importance of the unification principle in the unity of command concept = 105
• Document 10, October 19, 1945 Statement To: Senate Committee on Military Affairs Fr: H[enry] H. Arnold Papers of Samuel I Rosenman, Statement by General of the Army H. H, Arnold before the Committee on Military Affairs of the United States Senate concerning the Unification of the Way and Navy Departments, Friday, October 19, 1945, Highlights include summary of the war years' effect on the armed forces and desire for peacetime national security apparatus, concepts and steps toward unification, versatility of air forces, theater organization, future military requirements, budgetary considerations, and single department organization and unity of command = 108
• Document 11, ca November 1945 Exhibits Papers of Samuel Ⅰ Rosenman, Graphic material used during hearings before the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, "Proposals for Unification Differ in Opinion," "Army and Navy Proposals," "Subordinated Civilian Control," and "Extent of Civilian Control = 117
• Document 12, November 1, 1945 Memorandum with enclosure To: President Truman F: James Forrestal Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File Report on Legislative Measures, Report on status of legislative measures relating to defense establishments and national security, universal military training, scientific research and development, atomic energy, voluntary service in armed forces, selective service, unification-consolidation of armed forces, and termination of hostilities. = 121
• Document 13, November 23, 1945 Press release Fr: Press Branch, Bureau of Public Relations, War Department Papers of Samuel 1. Rosenman, Statement by the Honorable John J. McCloy, Assistant Secretary of War before Senate Military Affairs Committee, November 23, 1945, Summary of views on unification and desire for unity of command, the armed forces "mutual consent" administrative system, civilian control of the military establishment, budgetary and fiscal considerations, independence of the services, and desirability of prompt action. References to the Eberstadt Report and wartime efforts to unify the services are presented = 156
• Document 14, November29, 1945 Memorandum with attachment To: Commander [Clark M] Clifford Fr: G[eorge] M E[lseyl Papers of George M. Elsey, Comments on postwar armed forces unification, concerns that the president has become a partisan of the Army against the Navy, and transmittal of Navy Department press release entitled "A Statement of the Navy Position on National Security " The press release outlines Navy Secretary James Forrestal's views on the deficiencies in the national security organization and proposes a plan. = 170
• Document 15, November 30, 1945 Memorandum To: President Truman Fr: Harold D Smith Papers of Samuel 1. Rosenman, Comments regarding Navy Department statement on unification and references to the Bureau of the Budget and armed services budget coordination = 174
• Document 16, November 30,1945 Memorandum with attachments To: judge [Samuel I] Rosenman, Fr: Harold D Smith Papers of Samuel I Rosenman, Comments on and transmittal of prospective presidential message on unification of the armed forces. Highlights include adoption of structure suitable to fostering coordination between armed services departments and the civilian government, integrated strategic plans and unified military program and budget, civilian control of the military, framework for unification of training and doctrine, unity of command, unified control of supply and service functions, consistent and equitable personnel policies, systematic allocation of limited resources for research and development, and parity for air power = 175
• Document 17, December 1, 1945 Memorandum with attachment (excerpt) To: President Truman, Fr: James Forrestal Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File Report on Legislative Measures, Excerpt reviews the status of legislation regarding the unification-consolidation of the armed services = 190
• Document 18, ca December 13, 1945 Draft message Fr: [Samuel I. Rosenman] Papers of Samuel I Rosenman, Second Draft, Proposed Message on Unification of the Armed Services, This draft is an expanded version of the November 30 proposed message outlining the steps and recommendations for unifying the armed services. It elaborates on the necessity for establishing a single department of national defense.= 194
• Document 19, December13,1945 Memorandum To: Judge [Samuel I.] Rosenman Fr: Clark M. Clifford Papers of Samuel I Rosenman, Comments on second draft of the proposed president's message on unification of the armed services. These include an unusual degree of emphasis on war, considerable attention devoted to issue of saving money through unification, desire for more discussion of national security, and relationships between the armed services, foreign policy, and the civilian economy. In addition, there are references to the Eberstadt Report. = 223
• Document 20, December 13, 1945 Diary excerpt Fr: [Harold D. Smith] Harold D Smith Diary Conference with the President (5:00 PM), Discussion with President Truman concerning the proposed message on unification of the armed services Highlights include the present relations between the Army and Navy, JCS situation, strategy outline for presenting details of the unification plan, and concern over testifying before Senate Military Affairs Committee = 227
• Document 21. December 14,1945 Memorandum To; judge [Samuel I.} Rosenman Fi: W[illiam] D L[eahy], Papers of Samuel I Rosenman, Comments on president's proposed message on armed forces unification Specific comments relate to army air power, Army-Navy relations early in World War 11, and authority of secretary of the armed forces, his chief of staff, and the president. = 229
• Document 22 December17,1945 Memorandum To: President Truman Fr: Richmond B Keech Papers of Harry S. Truman White House Central Files-Official File, Summary of Navy Secretary James Forrestal's report on the status of legislative measures relating to defense establishments and national security, universal military training, scientific research and development, atomic energy, voluntary service in armed forces, selective service, unification-consolidation of armed forces, and termination of hostilities. = 231
• Document 23, December 18, 1945 Memorandum To: judge [Samuel I.] Rosenman Fr: [James] Forrestal Papers of Samuel 1. Rosenman, Comments on president's proposed message on armed forces unification. Specifics relate to the JCS, Army-Navy relations early in World War 11, construction of airports, and necessity for navy testimony before the Senate Military Affairs Committee = 242
• Document 24, December 18,1945 Memorandum To: Judge [Samuel I.] Rosenman Fr: H[enry] H. Arnold Papers of Samuel 1. Rosenman, Comments on second draft of president's proposed message on unification of the armed forces, especially to naval aviation and the purpose of the JCS = 243
• Document 25, December 19, 1945 Message Fr: Harry S. Truman Papers of Clark M. Clifford, Unification of the Armed Forces of the United States Message from the President of the United States Requesting Unification of the Armed Forces of the United States Printed message to Congress incorporating suggested changes from various members of the cabinet. = 244
• Document 26, January 23, 1946 Excerpts To: President of Board of Officers for Organization of the War, Department Fr: H. I. Hodes Papers of Harry S Truman: White House Central Files-Official File, Excerpts regarding activities of Board of Officers for Organization of the War Department. First excerpt relates to War Department desire to test and study new unified organizational plan The following excerpts are from the "Report of the Board of Officers on Organization of the War Department" regarding War Department reorganization and adaptability to a single department of the armed services = 254
• Document 27, February 28, 1946 Diary excerpt Fr: [Harold D Smith] Harold D Smith Diary, Conference with the President (400-430 PM), Summary of discussion with the president regarding the budget for maritime training, complaints by Navy Secretary James Forrestal about the navy budget, including adverse testimony before the Senate Appropriations Committee, anti-unification statements by Admiral Chester Nimitz at the British Embassy, and the president's determination to maintain budget spending levels = 257
• Document 28, April 5, 1946 Press release Fr: [Harry S. Truman] Papers of Harry S Truman President's Personal File, President's address, from Chicago, in connection with the observance of Army Day Unification of the armed services, extension of selective service, and a universal training program are highlighted. In addition, foreign policy, the United Nations, desire for the maintenance of worldwide peace, and efforts to enhance the economic, political, and food stability of the world are discuss = 260
• Document 29, April8,1946 Memorandum To: President Truman Fr; Harold D. Smith Papers of Harry S. Truman President's Secretary's Files, Request for clarification of presidential views on Army-Navy unification bill. = 266
• Document 30, April 10, 1946 Memorandum To: Harold D. Smith Fr: Harry S. Truman Papers of Harry S. Truman- President's Secretary's Files, President Ruman's views on supporting the Army-Navy unification bill. = 267
• Document 31, April 17, 1946 Chart Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files Unified Military Establishment Proposed Organization, 17 April 1946 = 268
• Document 32, April 20, 1946 Memorandum with attachment To: Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments Fr: Harry S Truman Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Views on unification of the armed services, desire not to favor one service over another or to abolish the Marine Corps or navy aviation, and activities of the Thomas Committee. = 269
• Document 33, ca. late May 1946 Memorandum Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files Political Outlook foy Unification of Armed Forces, Views on necessary steps for passage of Thomas Bill and status of bill before the House Expenditures in the Executive Department Committee, with list of members for and against bill = 270
• Document 34, ca. June 1946 Report Fr: Navy Department Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Restatement of the Navy's Views with regard to Reorganization, Summary outlining Navy Department's desire and efforts to effect unification of planning and policymaking, but not the consolidation of the armed services into a single department. Views on the position of the Navy in foreign policymaking and national defense, mission of naval forces, and intentions of imposing Army plan on the Marine Corps and naval aviation. Concerns are expressed about the Thomas Bill, especially the single Department of Common Defense, a single military chief of staff, and lack of safeguards for the Marine Corps and for naval aviation. Proposals for amending the Thomas Bill are reviewed = 271
• Document 35, June 19, 1946 Confidential committee print-Senate bill Papers of Harry S. Truman- White House Central Files-Confidential File, Text of S 2044 To Promote the Common Defense by Unifying the Departments and Agencies of the Government relating to the Common Defense = 285
• Document 36, August 8, 1946 Letter with attachment To: Clark Clifford Fr: Lister Hill Papers of Clark M Clifford, Comments on and transmittal of Committee print of S. 2044, with amendments of Senate carrying out recommendations of president in his June 15 letter to Senator Thomas. =316
• Document 37, September 7, 1946 Memorandum To: Captain [Clark M.] Clifford Fr: [James] Forrestal Papers of Clark M Clifford, Impressions from meeting with Army and War Department representatives regarding proposed joint organization plan These include the Army's adherence to its unification concept of single authority person, curtailment of the Marine Corps, "straight-line of command" and chart concept, and the Army's determination to draw a line between civilian and military functions. Includes the Navy's view on unification. = 347
• Document 38, November 1, 1946 Memorandum Fr: [W. Stuart Symington] Papers of Stuart Symington Study regarding the shore-based aircraft component of antisubmarine warfare = 349
• Document 39, January 6, 1947 Press release To: Congress Fr: Harry S. Truman Papers of Harry S. Truman- White House Central Files-Official File, Text of the State of the Union Message. Highlights include the general domestic economy, labor management relations, balancing the budget, veterans benefits, foreign affairs, and military policy. [Retype of pages 351, 354, 357, 359, 363, and 367.] = 351
• Document 40, January 10, 1947 Report Fr: Service, Supply and Procurement Division, General Staff, War, Department Papers of Harry S Truman: White House Central Files-Official File Unified Logistics Support of the United States Armed Services, Presentation of the service, supply, and procurement activities of the Army during World War Ⅱ description of the waste inherent in the postwar system of separate service and supply support of the armed services, and views on benefits of a unified supply and service establishment. Topics of discussion include procurement, industrial facilities; material specifications, expediting and priorities; inspection, packing, and marking; quartermaster items; supply distribution, construction and real estate; communications, medical services; and transportation = 369
• Document 41, January14,1947 Memorandum with attachment To: President Truman Fr: James H. Foskett Papers of Harry S Truman. President's Secretary's Files, Comments on and transmittal of paper from Navy Department entitled "The Hazards of Merger." This paper presents the reasons that have caused apprehension within the Navy Department over unification Highlights include the issue of naval aviation, control of the sea, concepts of organizational and operational conduct of war, role of seapower in national defense, and the public's perception of the Navy = 424
• Document 42, January 16, 1947 Notice Fr: White House To: [White House Press Corps] Papers of Harry S. Truman- White House Central Files-Official File, Announcement of press conference on the Army-Navy agreement on unification and list of Army and Navy representatives. = 437
• Document 43, January 16, 1947 Release To: Robert P. Patterson and James Forrestal Fr: Harry S. Truman Papers of Stuart Symington, Transmittal of letter acknowledging receipt of joint letter from Secretary of War Patterson and Navy Secretary Forrestal announcing agreement on a plan for the unification of the armed services. Includes copy of joint letter and proposed executive order outlining the common mission of the armed forces, and the functions of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. = 438
• Document 44, January24,1947 Report To: President Truman Fr: Division of Press Intelligence, Office of Government Reports Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files Editorial Reaction to Current Issues: Army-Navy Merger, Part, Analysis of editorials from 225 newspapers received January 17 to 23 highlighting sentiment toward the Army-Navy merger. Highlights include public and press confusion on proposed unification and representation of the various services and general acceptance of need for unification plan = 445
• Document 45, January 30, 1947 Letter To: James Forrestal Fr: T. P. Archer Papers of Clark M. Clifford, Views on War Department-Navy Department compromise unification proposals Supports efforts to economize the armed services, to allow greater coordination and cooperation between the services, and to prevent handicapping the organization plan by strict legal stipulations [Retype of pages 448 and 450.] = 448
• Document 46, January 30,1947 Memorandum Papers of Harry S Truman: White House Central Files Confidential File "Unification" of the War and Navy Departments, Draft analysis of unification bill. Discussion topics include organization of the armed services; economy objective; civilian control point; unity in military programs, doctrine, and operations, coordination of national security policy, delegation of authority issue; alleged military domination of foreign policy; and domestic economic policy. = 452
• Document 47, February 4, 1947 Letter with attachment To: Robert P. Patterson Fr: Harry H Vaughan Papers of Harry S Truman- White House Central Files-Official File, Suggested witnesses to appear before the Senate Armed Services Committee in support of unification and universal military training [Transcription of handwritten note.]
• Document 48, February 7, 1947 Memorandum To: President Truman Fr: G[eorge] C. Marshall Papers of Clark M. Clifford, Comments of the Secretary of State on Draft of Bill to Promote the National Security (Fourth Draft, dated January 28, 1947), Expression of concern for sections pertaining to the establishment of the National Security Council and its role in the armed service unification, and the centralization of intelligence and resource planning between the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Resources Board. = 489
• Document 49, February17,1947 Memorandum with attachments To: Clark Clifford Fr: James E. Webb Papers of Clark M. Clifford, Comments on and transmittal of Stone Memorandum outlining the creation of three executive departments within a national defense establishment. In addition, excerpts from statements by President Truman and Ferdinand Eberstadt regarding the establishment of a single department of national defense and creation of a chief of staff are included. = 462
• Document 50, February17,1947 Memorandum with attachment To: Clark [M.] Clifford Fr: Forrest Sherman Papers of Clark M. Clifford, Comments on and transmittal of re-draft (seventh draft) of the basic sections of the fifth and sixth drafts in language that would be in consonance with the January 16, 1947, Army-Navy merger agreement These sections refer to the Armed Forces Establishment and Secretary of National Defense. = 467
• Document 51, March 15,1947 Statement To Senate Armed Services Committee Fr: W. Stuart Symington Papers of Stuart Symington, Testimony before the Armed Services Committee, United States Senate, by W Stuart Symington, Assistant Secretary of War for Air Highlights include discussion of air force parity with the army and navy, Air Force views on the authority of the Secretary of National Defense and the administration of the Army, Navy, and Air, Force, as separate units, comparison of Department of National Defense to a corporation; economy of unity, and interservice rivalry. = 471
• Document 52, March 18, 1947Statement To: Senate Armed [Services] Forces Committee Fr: James Forrestal Papers of George M. Elsey, Testimony of the Secretary of the Navy, James Forrestal, before the Senate Armed Forces Committee, Tuesday, March 18, 1947, Discussion of the armed services unification bill outlining the premises for Army-Navy agreement, candid views on compromise and mutual accommodation, and the desire to continue spirit of cooperation exhibited in World War 11 Views on the bill include the organization of the individual services into departments, the supervising and controlling role of the secretary of National Defense, cooperation with civilian agencies, allocation of materials, coordination of military and economic requirements, integration of foreign and military policies, creation of the National Security Council, and the question of economy. = 477
• Document 53, March 19, 1947 Memorandum with attachment To: Mr [Clark M ] Clifford Fr: George M. Elsey Papers of George M. Elsey, Testimony of Secretary Patterson Comments on and transmittal of Secretary of War Patterson's statement on S 758, for use in testifying before the Senate Armed Services Committee. = 482
• Document 54, ca. March 20, 1947 Transcript (excerpt) To: Senate Armed Forces [Services] Committee Fr: [Chester W] Nimitz Papers of George M. Elsey, Approximately Verbatim Excerpt from Nimitz Testimony before Senate Armed Forces [Services] Committee, Questions and answers relating to the authority of the secretary of National Defense, service budgets, and Congress. = 485
• Document 55, March25,1947 Memorandum Fr: [Forrest] Sherman Papers of Clark M. Clifford, Army-Navy Planning for Defense of the United States, Summary on the formulation of postwar comprehensive, integrated, and logical policies and plans for the defense of the continental United States and interests abroad. Points of discussion include the activities of the JCS, importance of military bases, joint defense of Canada and the United States, evolution of a unified command structure, and contingency planning for outlying bases areas = 488
• Document 56, March 26, 1947 Statement (draft) To: Senate Armed Forces [Services] Committee Fr: James E. Webb Papers of James E. Webb, Statement of James E. Webb, Director, United States Bureau of the Budget, to the Senate Armed Forces Committee on S 758, To Provide for a National Defense Establishment, April, 1947, This draft, prepared by J L Sundquist, outlines the administrative burden of the president in dealing with the War and Navy Departments, the importance of providing for a coordinating establishment between the military services and the president, the desire for sound and economic budgeting, a unified military program and budget, common policies and standards governing expenditures, reduction of duplication in facilities and functions, coordination for national security, and activities of the Bureau of the Budget. = 493
• Document 57, March 27, 1947 Notes To: [Charles S. Murphy and George M Elsey] Fr: G.F.S Papers of George M. Elsey, Unification Notes, [General Carl A.] Spaatz Testimony before Senate Armed Forces Committee, Summary and annotated, excerpted transcript of General Spaatz's testimony Questions and answers highlight Air Force support of a single secretary of National Defense, desire to rely on services provided under the Department of National Defense, support of naval aviation, role of the Air Force, coordinated research and development, control of funding, purpose of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and reasons for independent air force organization from the War Department = 507
• Document 58, March 29, 1947 Telegrams Papers of Clark M Clifford Ferdinand Eberstadt statements before the the Senate Armed Services Committee and decision by Chairman Millard Tydings to call additional witnesses and subject S. 758 to additional scrutiny [Retype of page 516 ] = 516
• Document 59, March 29, 1947 Letter To: Chan Gurney Fr: James Forrestal Papers of George M. Elsey, Response to request for comments on the advisability of having an under secretary of National Defense These include desire to keep service secretaries in direct support of the secretary of National Defense, detriment to the stature of the service secretaries, and the succession problem. = 518
• Document 60, April 1, 1947 Memorandum To: Secretary of War [Robert P. Patterson] Fr: [John H. Ohly] Papers of John H Ohly, Comments on Report to Chief of Staff on Army and Air Force Organizational Matters under Unification, Comments on and review of remarks to Senate Armed Service Committee on S 758 regarding problem of duplication of supply, technical, and procurement services; elimination of overlapping agencies, services, and facilities; accrual of savings from implementation of unification plan; and neither prohibition nor authorization for creation of common supply, procurement, or distribution services Contains notes defining the "combined," "mixed," or "separate" nature of various services, personnel, offices, and operations. = 520
• Document 61, April 14,1947 Memorandum Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files Comments on Amendments Intended to be Proposed by Senator Kilgore to the Unification Bill, S.758, Summary of views on amendments relating to authority and control of secretary of National Defense over procurement and standardization of supplies, provision for an under secretary of National Defense, supply and material reporting by the JCS, and use of the Munitions Board as the central procurement agency in the Department of National Defense. = 531
• Document 62, April 22, 1947 Statement To: Senate Armed Services Committee Fr: A. A. Vandegrift, Papers of Harry S Truman President's Secretary's Files, Statement of General A A. Vandegrift, Commandant of the Marine Corps, before the Senate Armed Services Committee on S 758, the National Security Act of 1947, Highlights include general support for the bill and enlightenment on the two defects of the bill-affirmation of the existence of the Marine Corps without defining its roles and missions and excluding the Marine Corps from participation in the joint bodies and agencies that the bill would establish. The balance of the statement elaborates on the defects and attempts to convey the importance of each. = 533
• Document 63, April 23, 1947 Letter To: Boss [W Stuart Symington] Fr: T A Sims Papers of Stuart Symington, Summary of major points of Marine Commandant General A. A. Vandegrift's statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee and the issue of defining the roles and missions of each of the services under the Department of National Defense in S. 758. = 538
• Document 64, April 24, 1947 Letter with enclosure To: Clark M. Clifford Fr: Robert P. Patterson Papers of Clark M Clifford, Comments on and transmittal of letter by Henry L. Stimson to Senator Chan Gurney in support of the unification bill The attached letter provides a persuasive argument for supporting unification and outlines the unification bill's strengths, particularly the office of the Secretary of National Defense = 540
• Document 65, April 24, 1947 Letter To: Chief [W Stuart Symington] Fr: J B. Montgomery Papers of Stuart Symington, Summary of observations on the testimony of Marine Commandant A. A. Vandegrift and Mr Mass, president of the Marine Reserve Association, before the Senate Armed Services Committee regarding the importance of definite roles and missions for the Marine Corps and the Marine Reserve Association objection to unification. In addition, there are observations on stalling tactics by committee members, the Lutes' Report, and efforts to solve issue of service roles and missions. = 546
• Document 66, May2,1947 Statement To: Senate Armed Services Committee Fr: [James E. Webb] Papers of James E. Webb, Impromptu remarks supporting S. 758, particularly coordination between national defense policy and financial support for this policy, use of common policies and assumptions in budget preparation, and application of common standards and practices in achieving a coordinated defense budget. = 550
• Document 67, May30,1947 Memorandum (draft) To: Don Bermingham Fr: Frank McNaughton Papers of Frank McNaughton, Unification Bill (NA), Draft press report on the status of efforts to pass the unification bill. Highlights include support of the bill by Senator Chan Gurney and Representative Carter Manasco, opposition toward bill by Senators Ed Robertson and Styles Bridges, and changes in the Truman administration's attitudes toward defining functions and operations of the services, submission of budgetary information, status quo independence of Marine Corps, the National Guard compromise, and agreement on the succession issue = 554
• Document 68, July 3, 1947 Memorandum (draft) To: Don Bermingham Fr: Frank McNaughton Papers of Frank McNaughton, Merger (NA), Draft press report on status in Congress of unification bill, including efforts to speed up the vote on the bill, rebellion against delaying tactics of the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee by its members, and concern regarding naval aviation. = 557
• Document 69, July 22, 1947 Memorandum To: President Truman Fr: Clark M. Clifford Papers of Clark M Clifford, S. 758, National Security Act of 1947, Comments on and list of changes made by House conferees to S. 758. = 559
• Document 70, July 24, 1947 Memorandum To: President Truman Fr: C[lark] M C[lifford] Papers of Clark M Clifford, Memorandum of Telephone Conversation with Kenneth Royall, Summary of views on the unification bill, particularly in regard to implementation of bill, and nomination of Robert P Patterson as secretary of defense
• Document 71, July 26, 1947 Public law Papers of Clark M Clifford National Security Act of 1947, Annotated text of Public Law 253. = 563
• Document 72, July 26, 1947 Executive order Fr: Harry S. Truman Papers of George M. Elsey, Functions of the Armed Forces, Text of Executive Order #9877 outlining the functions of the armed forces under unification. = 580
• Document 73, July 28, 1947 Letter To: James Forrestal Fr: Clark M. Clifford Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Acknowledgment of contribution to unification of the armed services. = 583
• Document 74, August4,1947 Letter To: M. C. .Latta Fr: James E. Webb Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files--Official File, Summary of points of contention in the National Security Act of 1947, regarding the potential for problems arising from strict interpretation of the functions and missions of each service, lack of flexibility in National Security Council membership, and questions of authority of secretary of defense. War Department views on these points are incorporated. = 584
• Document 75, August27,1947 Memorandum To: President Truman Fr: Clark M. Clifford Papers of Harry, S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Scope of the President's Authority as Commander in Chief Comments on and transmittal of Justice Department views and summary of constitutional references regarding the president's authority as commander in chief of the military establishment, including the Air Force. = 586
• Document 76, September 17, 1947 Outline Fr: [George M. Elsey] Papers of George M Elsey, Conference with Secretary Forrestal, 17 September 1947, at 12:00 Noon. Agenda Listing of topics for discussion pertaining to the National Security Council, National Security Resources Board, central secretariat organization, the three military departments, coordination of handling legislation, military pay, and military reserves = 587
• Document 77, October 30, 1947 Notes Fr: [George M. Elsey] Papers of George M. Elsey Comments on and points raised at October 30 meeting with Secretary of Defense Forrestal and others regarding the authority and line of communication of chairman of National Security Resources Board [Transcription of handwritten notes.] = 588
• Document 78, October30,1947 Memorandum with attachments To: Mr. (Clark M I Clifford Fr: George M. Elsey Papers of George M. Elsey, National Security Resources Board Comments on meeting with Secretary of Defense Forrestal and others regarding composition of the National Security Resources Board and the authority of the chairman. Attachments include a list of cabinet members and advisers to be present at next meeting and draft executive order designating the membership ail d defining functions, duties, and authority of the chairman of the National Security Resources Board. = 591
• Document 79, November 28, 1947 Letter with enclosure To: Mr. [George M.] Elsey Fr John H. Ohly, Papers of George M. Elsey, Summary on the creation and present status of the military pay study undertaken by the Secretary of Defense and establishment of civilian committee to study the military pay issue. Enclosure is the October 23, 1947, report of the Joint Army-Navy Personnel Board Pay Committee. [Retype of pages 597, 599, 601, 603, 605, 607, 609, 611, 613, 615, 617, 619, 621, 623, 625, 627, and 629] = 595
• Document 80, March 27,1948 Letter with enclosures To: President Truman Fr: James Forrestal Papers of George M. Elsey, Summary of Key West Conference with ICS regarding the functions of the armed forces Highlights include disagreement over application of Executive Order 9877 in administration of the National Security Act of 1947 and request and receipt of comments from the services and the JCS on proposed revision or rescission of the executive order Enclosures include JCS comments on proposal to redraft Executive Order 9877 to conform more with the National Security Act of 1947 and press release on the results of the Key West Conference. = 648
• Document 81, April 8, 1948 Memorandum with attachments To Clark M Clifford Fr: Karl Bendetsen, Papers of Clark M Clifford, Comments on and transmittal of a memorandum outlining the "70 Air Group Program," a proposed presidential press release pertaining to the need for economy and decision to control unilateral proposals by the armed services, and a final press release highlighting the 1949 defense budget, JCS consideration of the "70 Air Group Program," and desire to expedite Air Force funding. = 655
• Document 82, April 15, 1948 Memorandum with attachment To: Clark [M ] Clifford Fr: John H Ohly Papers of Clark M. Clifford, Comments on and transmittal of definition of term "balanced force." = 660
• Document 83, Apr1130,1948 Memorandum with attachment To: The Director [Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion?] Fr: Arnold Miles Papers of George M. Elsey Brewster Committee Report on Industrial Mobilization for War, Summary of report of Brewster Committee, investigating aspects of national defense program, containing the results of hearings on the subject of industrial mobilization for war. The report is attached and comprises selected materials from the hearings discussing the history of industrial mobilization planning, failure to put into effect the Industrial Mobilization Plan of 1939, and the lessons of World War Ⅱ = 662
• Document 84, ca. November 1948 Summary Papers of George M. Elsey, Summary of the Summary of Eberstadt Committee Recommendations, Highlights the issues relating to the Department of Defense that need more clarification These include strengthening the central authority in the National Military Establishment; improving teamwork among the service agencies and the departments of the National Security Organization, improve liaison with Research and Development Board and coordination of military research and development, improve formulation of mobilization plans; and implement unconventional warfare planning. = 699
• Document 85, November17,1948 Memorandum To: Mr. [Clark M.] Clifford Fr: George M. Elsey Papers of George M. Elsey Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947, Comments on proposed changes to the National Security Act of 1947 and desire for president to court public sentiment for these changes in his State of the Union Message. These changes include reduction of armed services membership in National Security Council (NSC), only civilian Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), complete reorganization of the National Security Resources Board, the expansion of the organization and functions of office of the Secretary of Defense, and downgrading of secretaries of the armed services to undersecretaries. = 706
• Document 86, November 22, 1948 Memorandum Fr: [George M. Elsey] Papers of George M Elsey, Unification of the Armed Forces of the United States, Appraisal of progress toward the president's objectives outlined in the December 19, 1945, Message to Congress and embodied in the National Security Act of 1947. These appraised objectives include integrated strategic plans and unified military program and budget; realization of economy achieved through unified control of supply and service functions; organizational structure suited to fostering coordination between the armed services and the civilian government; civilian control of the milltary; unified training system; systematic allocation of resources for scientific research, unity of command in outlying bases, and consistent and equitable personnel policies. = 708
• Document 87, ca December 1948 Report (extract) Fr: [James] Forrestal Papers of George M Elsey Brief discussion of suggested statutory changes to the National Security Act of 1947. These include provision for an undersecretary of defense, strengthening of authority of Secretary of Defense, changes to provisions that deal with the JCS, remove limits of size of Joint Staff, clarification of Secretary of Defense's authority in personnel matters, and reduction of membership of NSC = 729
• Document 88, December 8, 1948 Memorandum with attachment To: President Truman F: Harry H Vaughan Papers of Harry S Truman: President's Secretary's Files Comments on duplicate medical and chaplain corps in the different services and suggested organizational chart for a combined chaplains corps = 731
• Document 89, December 13, 1948 Release (draft) Fr: War Department Papers of Harry S Truman White House Central Files-Official File, Announcement of General Dwight D Eisenhower's tour as consultant to the National Military Establishment to review the problem of evolving a single budget = 733
• Document 90, January 3, 1949 Memorandum To: The Director [Bureau of the Budget?] Fr: [Clark M. Clifford?] Papers of Clark M. Clifford, Revision of the National Security Act, Draft appraisal of original objectives for unification and detailed discussion of current objectives in revising the National Security Act of 1947. These include a strengthening of authority of secretary of defense, provision of staff facilities for secretary of defense, and provision of more effective organization of military staff assistance to the president and secretary of defense. = 736
• Document 91, January7,1949 Memorandum To: General [Hoyt S.] Vandenberg Fr: W Stuart Symington Papers of George M Elsey Expression of concern regarding the Eberstadt Task Force Report conclusions regarding JCS failures and lack of cost consciousness in the military. = 753
• Document 92, January 12, 1949 Letter To: Secretary of the Air Force [W. Stuart Symington] Fr: Hoyt S. Vandenberg Papers of George M. Elsey, Views on Eberstadt Committee report regarding the JCS and the military budget. These include problem with unanimous consent committee-action authority, need for central military authority or chairman, proposed principal military assistant to secretary of defense and duplication of effort by director of the joint Staff, acceptability of duplication of effort, the 1950 military budget, and Air Force effort to achieve unification = 754
• Document 93, January 13, 1949 Memorandum To: Marx Leva Fr: C[harles] B. Stauffacher Papers of George M Elsey, Proposed Changes in the National Security Act Appraisal of proposed revisions and alternate wording for various changes, particularly regarding authority and operations of Secretary of Defense, joint Staff mission, improving staff facilities available to the secretary, and problems in possible "shadow" arrangement of military services and in providing more effective military staff assistance = 760
• Document 94, January 14, 1949 Memorandum with attachment To: Clark [M.] Clifford Fr: W. Stuart, Symington Papers of Clark M. Clifford, Transmittal of memorandum entitled "Proposed Organization of the Military Establishment" outlining major points of consolidation and organization of the Defense Department, functions of services, advisory boards, the JCS, transfer of the Marine Corps to the Army and all aviation to the Air Force, and transferability of personnel between services In addition, this paper includes a description of objectives of proposed organization and major difficulties affecting the present Military Establishment = 766
• Document 95, January 24, 1949 Memorandum (draft) To: President Truman Fr: [Clark M Clifford] Papers of Clark M. Clifford Revision of the National Security Act, Summary of proposed changes to be submitted to Congress, discussion of general approach to unification, and outline of specific amendments These amendments relate to strengthening the authority of the Secretary of Defense and the position of the National Military Establishment. In addition, alternative courses of action for achieving the revisions and questions to be resolved by the president prior to submittal of revisions to Congress are outlined = 770
• Document 96, January 28, 1949 Memorandum To: The Director [Bureau of the Budget?] Fr: C [harles] B Stauffacher Papers of George M. Elsey, Revision of the National Security Act, Commentary on the issues raised in the January 24 draft memorandum to the president [Document 95]. Highlights include revising the legal framework of the responsibility and authority of the Secretary of Defense, creation of an under secretary and assistant secretaries, authorization of military adviser, retention of the boards on advisory basis, and evolution of we JCS [Retype of pages 777 and 782.] = 776
• Document 97, February 8, 1949 Memorandum To: President Truman Fr: James Forrestal, Frank Pace Jr, and Clark M. Clifford Papers of Frederick J. Lawton, Revision of the National Security Act, Final copy of the proposed changes discussed and agreed on for transmittal to the president. Includes general approach to recommendations for revisions to the Act to be sent to Congress, outline of desirable amendments, questions relating to elevation of National Military Establishment to executive department level, title of JCS chairman, continuation of statutory status or change to advisory status of Research and Development Board and Munitions Board, and revision of statutory provision relating to reassigmnent of combatant functions among the services [Retype of pages 786 and 788.] = 784
• Document 98, February 13, 1949 Letter To: Clark M, Clifford Fr: William H. Draper Jr. Papers of Clark M Clifford, Comments on and transmittal of Army Secretary Kenneth Royall's views on February 8 memorandum regarding revisions of the National Security Act = 790
• Document 99, February 16, 1949 Memorandum with attachments To: Mr [Clark M.] Clifford Fr. Charles B. Stauffacher Papers of Clark M Clifford, Transmittal of report entitled "Recommendations Contained in Hoover Commission Reports on National Security Organization = 792
• Document 100, March 5, 1949 Press release Fr: Harry S Truman Papers of Clark M Clifford, President Truman's Message to Congress, highlighting the work of the Hoover Commission, the desire for unification and consolidation of activities of the National Security Organization, coordination of military policy with foreign and economic policies, and outline of proposed revisions to the National Security Act of 1947 and reasons for proposed changes = 801
• Document 101, August 5, 1949 Letter with attachments To: William J Hopkins Fr: Frank Pace Jr. Papers of Harry S Truman White House Central Files-White House Bill File, Summary of views on H R 5632, National Security Act Amendments of 1949, including discussion of derivations in the bill from the president's recommendations regarding personnel functions, rejection of JCS chairman as principal military adviser, refusal to recognize advisory duties of board, changes in membership of NSC, Secretary of Defense's reporting to Congress, and accessibility to Congress of military service secretaries and JCS. Attachments include draft press statement for use if president signs the bill and Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson's recommendation to the president to sign the bill = 805
• Document 102, September 13,1949 Note with attachment To: Mr. [Clark M.] Clifford Fr: G[eorge] M. E[Isey] Papers of Clark M. Clifford, Results of search for documentation from Admiral William Halsey, General Douglas MacArthur, and others regarding their views on the unification of the armed services. Attachment consists of memorandum to the president outlining Admiral Halsey's views on unification presented before the Richardson Committee in October 1944, and the change in his views presented before the Senate Committee on Military Affairs on December 6, 1945. [Transcription of handwritten note.] = 812
• Document 103, September 17,1949 Memorandum (draft) To: Mr. [John H.] Ohly Fr: Marx Leva Papers of John H Ohly, James Forrestal, Louis Johnson, and Unification, Historical review of unification of the armed services, creation of the Defense Department, and the views of the first and second secretaries of defense. Includes examples of effective consolidation and cooperation between the services and brief discussion of the 1949 amendments to the National Security Act of 1947. = 819
• Document 104, October 26, 1949 Transcript (excerpt) Fr: [Francis P.] Matthews Papers of Francis P. Matthews, Excerpted telephone conversation with Marjorie Stoneworth transmitting text of press interview [interviewer unknown] with Navy Secretary Francis P Matthews on the continuing controversy over unification His acceptance of the interview text is noted. = 840
• Document 105, October 27, 1949 Letter with attachment To: Overton Brooks Fr: Harry S. Truman Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Comments on letter suggesting creation of civilian committee to inquire into the controversy regarding the secretary of defense and unification problems. Copy of suggestion letter attached. = 842
• Document 106, December 14, 1949 Transcript (excerpt) Fr: [Francis P.] Matthews Papers of Francis P Matthews, Excerpted telephone conversation between Navy Secretary Francis P. Matthews and Frarik Hecht regarding the president's appointment of a special committee to examine the provisions of the Unification Act and a very frank discussion of the decisionmaking involved in cutting the navy budget = 844
• Document 107, April 12, 1950 Letter with attachment To: James S. Lay Jr. Fr: Harry S. Truman Papers of George M Elsey Top Secret letter requesting the NSC to review the report by the secretaries of state and defense reexamining U S peace and war objectives and the effect of these objectives on U.S. strategic plans. In addition, it is requested to include the Economic Cooperation Administration, Bureau of the Budget, and Council of Economic Advisers in this review due to potential budgetary and economic matters Attachment is a draft of this letter = 847
• Document 108, April 17,1951 Memorandum To: Mr [James S ] Lay [Jr] Fr: George M Elsey Papers of George M Elsey, Comments on Fischer article regarding the creation of the NSC, references to Ferdinand Eberstadt's part in creation of the NSC, the responsibility and authority of the executive secretary, and criticism of alleged lack of leader-hip by the president = 849
• Document 109, December 8, 1953 Letter with attachment To: Clark [M Clifford] Fr: Kenneth W Hechier, Papers of Clark M Clifford, Comments on and transmittal of a rough chronology of unification of the armed services. This chronology begins in 1900, jumps to 1941, then 1943, and continues with brief summaries of the highlights between April 14, 1944 and July 26, 1947 [Retype of page 854.] = 852
• Document 110, April3,1957 Letter with attachments To: Paul Y. Hammond Fr: James E. Webb Papers of James E Webb, Comments criticizing and offering suggestions to the manuscript entitled "Missions of the Services." This manuscript relates to the 1949 controversy between the Navy and Air Force regarding overlapping aviation functions Criticism is primarily restricted to the parts relating to budgetary matters, applications of the Marshall Plan and military policy, leadership of the president, and planning by the Bureau of the Budget [Retype of pages 862, 865, 867, and 869] = 859
• Subject Index = 877