淸華 念佛禪 硏究 = A study on Chunghwa's Buddha-Recitation-Seon
Chunghwa(1923~2003)'s discipline for fifty six years since his entering the Buddhist priesthood can be characterized with a few practices which he sincerely followed such as meditation without laying himself down and taking just one meal in a day. All these practices and diciplines were to solve the problem of birth, age, sickness, death regarding which Buddha wanted to give the answer that is called Nirvana, the true liberation. During his lifetime, Chunghwa roam around all the places where the people need the teachings of Buddha, and which served as examples of absence of ego and nonpossession. Meanwhile, He also focused on evangelization for the people who need the teachings of Buddha especially for the last sixteen years of his life time.
Chunghwa got all the respects from the people who followed him because of the pureness in his religious commandment based on which the people know right form wrong. He claimed that the we always need to purify ourselves and follow the best precepts of Buddha so that we can have the mental state of concentration and focusing on one point to the exclusion of all else(三昧).
He considered all the things in this world as one being which cannot be separated. In other words, people generally think that there are different and separate beings in the world, but the fact according to Buddha's teaching is that we just have one nature of reality and truth. On the basis of such Buddha's teaching, Chunghwa suggested us to follow the way of discipline which is called ‘Buddha-Recitation- Seon(念佛禪)’. In his Buddha Recitation Seon, the most important thing is that we should not miss our self-nature or the essential self-existence, through which we can be close to the reality of the world.
Dut to the his above stated precept, that is, the Buddha's teaching that there is only one truth encompassing all the things in the world, Chunghwa recognized all the branches of Buddhism as well as different religions, and which is based on his belief that the orientation of all the Buddha's teaching is in opposition to all kinds of separation(圓融會通). Chunghwa thought that the Buddha's precious teaching is truly the stating point to solve all the problems where people are in many struggles owing to their various forms of discrimination.
In terms of the way of discipline, Chunghwa thought everybody following Buddha's saying should have his own discipline which matches with his own orientations and capacities, because having a suitable discipline to an individual can be the short cut to realize the reality of all the beings. Briefly, Chunghwa's teaching is that it does not matter whichever discipline an individual pick up if you can skip all the false images(五蘊皆空) and realize the wondrous being of true emptiness(眞空妙有) to encounter the true eternality(中道實相).
The discipline which Chunghwa gave us is mostly affected by the teaching of his master, 'Kumta'(菩提方便門). The focal point of his discipline is that both mental act to think of the truth including everything in this world (一相三昧) and sustainability of the mental act (一行三昧) are really required to really reach the eternal stage of relization, that is, Nirvana as well as the truth(眞如佛性) which exists in all the beings.
The Buddha-Recitation-Seon given by Chunghwa is nothing but the belief based on the identification between myself and three bodies of Buddha which are the Dharma body, the reward body, and the manifested body (歸依自性三身佛). In other words, the conception of Buddha which represents the integration of all the beings in our mind can be Buddha, himself. From a practical point, Chunghwa's fore-stated Buddha-Recitation-Seon adopted ‘contemplation of the mind and repeation of Buddha's name (觀心念佛)’ and 'understanding of Buddha's teachings in advance and practice them later (先悟後修)'.
After Chunghwa spreaded his teachings, Buddha-Recitation-Seon could be divided into two ways of disciplines. One is the questioning that 'who is the person repeating Buddha's name' in the middle of recitation of Buddha (念佛話頭法). The other is contemplation of the Dharma body with the belief that Buddha is internally existed in the mind of an individual (實相念佛法), and which is following the way of recitation given by Chunghwa. In addition, we will briefly go through the other recitation methods which are 'Recitation with invoking Buddha's name(稱名念佛)' and 'Wonhyo's Recitation-Buddha-Seon(元曉念佛禪)' that is basically on the basis of 'Recitation with contemplation the image of Buddha(觀相念佛)'.
As the followers of Buddhism are getting educated, the intellectual and religious aspiration have been increasing. Under such situation, meaningless but religious rituals and ceremonies cannot satisfy them. The research under the title of 「The Research on the actual conditions of Buddhism followers in terms of their ways of disciplines and attitudes」 might be helpful to briefly understand what the people following the teachings of Buddha need and the fact that many of them consider meditation as one of the most important and desirable practices they can implement. Through the research, Chunhwa's Recitation-Buddha-Seon can be provided to the Buddhists who are different from Buddhism followers in the past and have different expectation from the religious activities.
Chunghwa's contribution to the development of Buddhism in Korea as well as in the world is nothing but the fact that he taught us to have his own disciplines which are suitable to himself so that he can realize the true reality which includes everything and which may be the standard to judge from right or wrong. He also brought up many pupils to spead and stress the message that people need to have absolute knowledge(wisdom), meditative stabilization(samādhi), and righteousness.
Chunghwa implied many things which people should repeatedly think over and over. However, the implementation of his teachings is the matter of our responsibility. The further studies on his teachings in order to more easily understand and spread his precious sayings will be absolutely meaningful for the realization of eternality in the future.
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