18~19세기 西郊지역 場市의 成長과 유통망 = In 18~19th century's growth of makets in the Seo-gyo(西郊) and circulation
Despite the fact that from the beginning of its foundation, Joseon Dynasty implemented the Commercial Control Policy, markets were opened in many areas around the countrybeginning from Jeolla province. Soon, Gyeonggi province followed the trend and began to open markets around the 17th century. The Commercial Control Policy persisted in Gyeonggi area because of a concern that this area close to Do-seong (a capital city) might hinder the distribution of the goods in the capital city. However, due to the economic basis affected by the change of commercial economy, commerce considerably developed around the 18th century. Of commercial activities in Geong-gi province, this paper focuses on commercial activities in Seo-gyo area (the western area of Do-seong) which surrounded Imjin River and the mouth of Han River and connected the western area and Do-seongand examines how commercial economy was realized in this area.
At that time, it was market that led commercial economy, and many requirements should be met inorder to form a market. First, traffic should be developed. Seo-gyo area was close to rivers where it was possible to operate ships, such as Imjin River and the mouth of Han River, as well as main roads such as Seobuk Euijuro and Seobuk Ganghwaro. Since the 18th century, the art of navigation in Joseon Dynasty made it possible to sail in the areas where it had previously been difficult to sail. Also, as commercial activities became rousing, land routes were repaired and prepared. Along main roads, branch lines were prepared and commercial roads such as Sambangro were newly opened. Consequently, estuaries were created on the maritime traffic routes and inns were built on the land routes, assisting commercial activities. These changes of basic facilities in Seo-gyo area allowed the products of the west coast to be distributed to Do-seong and Seobuk (northwest) areas, making the area lead commercial activities in Gyeonggi province.
The second factor is an increase of the population. Population increase expands the consumer class and supplementsworkforce engaged in commerce. Therefore, an increase of the population is intimately associated with the development of commercial activities. In Seo-gyo area, it is necessary to pay attention to the population changes in Yangcheon, Jeokseong, and Gyoha. The increased populations usually resided in the peripheral area of a town or near a river or a main road. This can be examined from the changes of administrative districts. In the case of Yangcheon, such new districts as Childong, Hyanggyodong, and Sinjeongri were created; in Gyoha, Yaksandong and Deungwonri were made. This increase of population became the foundation to develop commerce as Shinhwari market was opened in Sinhwari in Gyoha..
Markets in Seo-gyo area was first recorded in 『DonggukMunheonBigo (A Collection of Literatures in East Country)』 published in the 1770s. Thus, it is almost impossible to accurately know if a market was opened in Seo-gyo area before the period. However, markets were consistently recorded in the records afterwards, so it is possible to presume until when markets were active. In Seo-gyo area, total 41 markets were opened. While markets generally showed a trend of steady decline around the 19th century, markets in Seo-gyoarea were slightly increased or maintained even after the 19th century. It can be assumed that various conditions were abundant to allow commercial development.
Locations of these markets in Seo-gyoarea can be divided into three types. First, markets were located in near rivers. Especially Munsanpo market in Paju which was located at the mouth of Imjin River was a basis for the distribution of goods connecting Seobuk area and the basin of lmjin River. Second, markets were located at the sides of main roads. Seo-gyo area was an important location on Sahaengro (the route for envoys). Therefore, not only many government officials but also merchants engaged in trades with Chinafrequently entered the area, and markets were located around main roads. Especially, "Geomam" was the first stop on Sahaengrooutside Do-seong, and there were a horse station and lodging at Geomam. In the late Joseon when horse stations and lodgings began to lose their functions, an inn was opened in Geomam to lead commercial activities. Also, in a certain area of Geomam, two or three markets formed a market group. Three, there were markets at the peripheral areas of Eupchi(town) and Neungchim(royal tombs). In the beginning, markets were opened around Eupchi for both administrative convenience and supply and demands of goods. Markets around Eupchi often devised profits by conspiring with government authorities. One of the biggest characteristics of the markets in Seo-gyo area is that markets were opened around royal tombs. It can be suspected that it should not be easy to open markets near royal tombs in Joseon Dynasty that restricted commerce since kings often visited the areas around royal tombs. However, Bongilcheon Market in Paju was opened by the order of King Yeongjo. It is suspected that the king permitted the openingof a market to appease a sense of voidness and to procure the expenses for royal tombs. 84% of markets in Seo-gyo area formed by these factors were opened on main traffic routes, which explains the significance of traffic in the development of commercial development.
Main business items at the Seo-gyo markets can be found in Imwon Gyeongjeji [Imwon Economic Journals]. However, not all items are recorded but only general main items of each area can be found. Seo-gyo area is close to main rivers and the west coast, seafood was one of the main items. Also, as a barter economy was established, necessities in daily life were exchanged; and as Seo-gyo area is at the back of Do-seong, vegetables demanded in Do-seong were raised and supplied to Do-seong.
As markets were developed, a hierarchical structure was created among markets. Some thriving markets continued to grew, while other markets managed to maintain the status quo. Thus, there were large markets that collected the cargo from small markets and distributed the goods from the outside of the range. Large markets in Seo-gyoarea that prospered around rivers were Munsanpo Market, Deokeunri Market, and Gorangpo Market. In Munsanpo, shaman rituals were performed to wish for safety of merchants and fishermen. In addition, there were large markets formed found land routes such as Bongilcheon Market and Paju Eupnae Market. They used to make huge profits from buying up cigarettes.
With the developmentof markets, the same economic districts were created in certain areas and this was a creation of distribution network. It was formed through market opening, closure, transfer, and changes of market days. Each distribution network had at least one large market which was in charge of supply of goods to the network. The distribution markets in Seo-gyo area created in this way were able to be solidified through rivers, ferries, stores, and shops.
So far, I have briefly examined commercial and economic activities in Seo-gyo area, which was a western area of Gyeonggi province. In Seo-gyo area, commerce continued to grew without being withered by the Commercial Control Policy in the late Joseon Dynasty and exclusive commercial powers between inside and outside Do-seong. This could be attributed to traffic development, population increase, and changes of basic facilities that were the foundations for the development of commerce. And these were the characteristics of commercial activities in Seo-gyo area.
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