불교사상에 나타난 생태적 교육관 고찰 = (A)study of ecological educational viewpoints through Buddhism
With the advent of modern scientific civilization in the West, human beings have received many benefits and also have suffered various kinds of side effects at the same time. Particularly, the current ecological crisis has become the most critical problem of our human existence. The current ecological condition caused by environmental contamination not only destroys the balance of eco-system but also threatens the very existence of our human species because all sentient beings are interrelated and interconnected. Everything on the earth is interrelated and interdependent as explained in Buddhist teaching. In modern scientific society, human-centered ecological viewpoints have caused ecological crises. Changing our viewpoints about nature, attitudes and a fundamental way of life through education is desperately necessary. Now escaping from human-centered thought, ecologists have paid much attention to Buddhism. Because the theory of Buddhism has the equal relationship with the nature and human beings to overcome the reason-centered individualistic educational environment.
In this thesis, the meaning of buddhistic educational viewpoints which have the harmonic relationships between human beings and nature is to be considered, figuring out the solution to the current reason-centered education system which leads to the selfishness and tough competition among students. So establishing a new concept of ecological viewpoints is desperately urgent by introducing the theory of Dependent, Mercy, Bodhisattva to solve the current ecological and educational crisis. The necessity of global ethic for a new world order is increasing and Buddhism has become a favorite ethic of some western and eastern scholars.
In Chapter 2, the definition and characteristics of the theory of Dependent(Yeon-gi theory) are presented. Yeon-gi contains the concept that others and I are not different from each other. A new concept of ecological viewpoints are discovered through Yeon-gi theory that all living beings are connected to one another. Yeon-gi theory can be also useful to understand the world and be the source to establish the harmonious relationship between human beings. Yeon-gi theory can be very helpful to understand the rule of the worlds.
In Chapte 3, the definition and characteristics of the mercy of Buddhism are presented. Mercy is deeply grounded on the human beings' reason containing ontological and technical concept. Mercy is caused by realization of suffering of human beings' lives and the theory of Dependent(Yeon-gi theory)
A new concept of ecological viewpoints are discovered through the Ahimsa. Approaching to the perspective of Ahimsa(abstinence from taking life) which is based on the mercy to prevent the extermination of species is asked because each diverse species is interdependent and coexists in the entire eco-system. So reinterpreting the concept of 'killing' in terms of a Buddhist perspective is needed so as to reestablish an improved moral value.
In Chapte 4, Bodhisattva is a person who is not self-centered and helps others seek the truth. For the Bodhi-sttva can transmigrate on his own will through his virtuous deeds to others and the power of the wish. A Bodhisattva, as the most ideal human being of Buddhism, integrates self-education and teaching others, and endeavors to construct an ideal society through self-perfection and teaching others at the same time. It is worthy of noticing that altruism is put ahead of egoism in six paramita. In other words, humanity of a Bodhisattva who practices the items of six paramita endlessly is surely the very ideal human. Therefore, learning the definition of the ‘ideal human being’ in the Buddhism is required.
Based on these studies, a model of class which we can apply some ecological factors to Korean current educational system will be introduced.
In Chapter 5, the ideal human beings, a purpose of ecological education, and the ideal role of the teachers will be suggested as well as the ideal teaching method in a ecological viewpoints.
First, Buddhism has played a significant role in the formation of Korean people's personality. This paper aims to investigate images of ideal personality which is addressed in the two ethnophilosophical traditions. Buddha is the ideal figure in Buddhism. Moreover, it is also said that all sentient beings are originally endowed with Buddhahood. However, Buddhas are those who attain enlightenment, while ordinary sentient beings are those who cannot attain it. It is believed that the mind of a Buddha is identical to that of an ordinary being. The ideal purpose of ecological education centers on awakening students making emphasis on innateness of men and wisdom of awakening which are neglected in the modern stream of education and establishing the philosophy and essence of education for realizing the authentic personality.
Second, Buddhism is the teachings of S´a ̄kyamuni-Buddha. And the aim of the teachings is to make all the people have ideal personalities like Buddha, in other words, to become just like Buddha. In order to achieve this aim, S´a ̄kyamuni-Buddha shows us the way to seek righteous lives through gaining an insight into the ultimate reality(實相) of human being and the world we live in. Buddhism makes an emphasis on self-practices for truth and altruistic activities for the public. A Buddha can benefit both self and others. So the ideal human beings which were suggested by the Buddha make all their efforts to get wisdom with positive attitude instead of mere knowledge. The purpose of gaining philosophical enlightenment and information is not for personal success but for sharing happiness with others.
Third, The conventional pedagogy of teachers is focusing on teaching skills but doesn’t satisfy the needs of each student. In other words, the conventional teaching method is to deliver the knowledge to students. Beyond it, the teachers should know how to find the authentic ego and cultivate personality with students. This view about Buddhist teachers is focusing on the necessity of establishing new image of a teacher in terms of wisdom rather than a deliverer of knowledge. The ideal role of the teacher is to awaken the potential Buddha nature not like making students memorize all information and knowledge without interaction between teachers and students. Teachers should help students find out their potential ability.
Finally, the ideal teaching method is to get the right answers through open discussions with students. It is the method of a preacher teaching in accordance with audience, which is the main feature of Buddha’s preaching method. The basic idea of this method is to grasp the whole picture of the problem and find the solution according to one’s ability. The characteristic of communication is not one-way or threatening but reciprocal, for example, as in admonition, discussion, retort and non-verbal method. The educational method of Buddha is to make all living beings gradually realize the ultimate truth through teaching lower levels which he can apprehend.
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