『武藝圖譜通志』 長兵武藝 復原의 實際와 批判 = (The) actuality and criticism of restoration of long weapon of 『Muyaedobotongji』
The purpose of this study was to look for a way to restore long weapon techniques in『Muedobotongji』 which was more close to the original form of it and to provide helps in preserving Korean traditional culture and to further enhance Korean traditional martial arts.
As the fundamental human environment inevitably involves struggle for survival to be prey, human has developed various forms of arts in fighting. The training in such fighting arts has resulted in ancient form of human body movement culture. As the human society grew in its size and forms, the battle between individuals have also grown to be the battle between tribes and nations. Forming mighty army was the pivotal point for survival for ancient nations.
Formation of army probably was strongly influenced by its national characteristics such as, the weather condition, landscapes, and various national products. The body movement culture would also have been adapted to the local cultures and regional characteristics. Such fight arts would have further evolved into various stages in interaction with neighboring countries by the means of continued battles or cultural and economical exchanges.
In Western nations, the body movement culture has evolved into the forms of sports that compete against each other and proving superior strength or agility. In Eastern nations, it has evolved to be an art techniques in nature to prepare ones mind from physical training. This is named ‘martial arts’.
Korean martial arts which had protected its land from surrounding foreigners had used short swords, invention of Ko Cho-Sun, long weapon which is basically a spear with long hand-held part, and bow which attacks enemies in distance, the techniques which is influenced by horse riding army management technique such as mounted martial arts(馬上武藝).
The martial art received much attention during the period of Three Kingdoms and Goryeo dynasty during which there were many conflicts and ongoing battles; however, during the later Cho-Sun Dynasty which was more peaceful, the martial art received less attention and respect. Martial art was only considered as necessary techniques to defend one’s nation from foreign attacks.
In more peaceful time, the martial art has transformed itself to social entertainment culture in strong endorsement of Government. Some examples such as, ‘stone throwing games’ during January full moon, Ssireum(korean wresting) during the Dano (端午)and Taekkyon games still remain strong entertainment culture in Korea.
In addition, bowing game which enhances mind alongside the physical training became the philosophical foundation of Korean martial arts. These forms of art has melt into Korean folk culture that basically forms the art of self-defence, cultivating philosophy in self defence.
These Korean folk cultures which train body and mind through vigorous physical training, also forming mental training through overall exercises, seem to provide interesting alternatives to current cyber world which requires less physical exercise in aim of more healthy life style.
Cho-Sun dynasty, in preparation to defend itself against Japanese invasions, has invited Chinese defence technologies as evidenced in 『Jixiao-Xinshu』. This effort introduced long spears, a three-pronged spears, shield with wisteria, wooden club, and sword use by two hands. An article was authored around such period called, to introduce such techniques, and it was called 『Muyaejebo』.
Later, scholars have organized remaining martial arts techniques including other un-introduced arts and a Chinese broadsword which meant to defend against calvary power of Chinese, Japanese swordship and handcombat techniques into a new edition of 『Muyaejebobunyoksokjib』.
The early gun-poweded cannons required significant delay between the firings. It became important for the martial arts of cannon-based soldiers to be able to combat the fast calvaries was introduced in『Muyaesinbo』that added martial arts components that can combat calvaries using 18 different martial arts types for the soldiers who had used to be simple cannon technicians.
King Jungjo, then further added more aggressive fighting technology which can take advantage of cannon firing delays by using six difference types of horse-man martial arts and 18 types of martial arts. This was introduced in 『Muyaedobotongji』.
The 『Muyaedobotongji』can be considered the pioneering works in martial arts, by complementing simple martial arts with overall vision of surroundings; however, the recovered 『Muyaedobotongji』 may be considered lacking in research for the weapon systems and the usage of weapons for the kind of spears or javelin.
There are limitations in 『Muyaedobotongji』in that long speared martial arts are generally considered for visual impacts only without full understanding. As the restoration of traditional Korean martial art is of significant importance, so does the restoration of understanding of these lost martial arts. In all these attempts to restore lost traditional Korean martial arts, is the significance of my research and thesis.
This research made attempts to restore the long-speared martial arts by analyzing and criticizing existing historical materials which deviates from known truthful facts. This research also suggests alternatives which may be proven closer to historical truth.
There are some difficulties to recover lost martial arts mainly because most movements are displayed without full explanation of details in『Muyaedobotongji』. Though there are advantages in understanding overall activities, but it limits understanding of partial and more detailed movements that can only be read from understadning of 'Se(勢)'
The Korean Sippalki Association(大韓十八技協會) published in 1987 and recovered materials on Kyeung-Dang from 1996 lacked in understanding of movements and it was basically a copy of 『Muyaedobotongji』. The publication in 2002 added some materials to missing movements.
Such recovery is a significant efforts however it displays some lack of understanding in ‘Se’. If one can study the ‘Se’ from other martial art historical evidences such as『Jixiao-Xinshu』, 『Wubeizhi(武備志)』,『Shoubilu(手臂錄)』, 『Shaolingunfachanzong(少林棍法闡宗)』 from Myung(明) and Cheng(淸) Dynasties of China, the recover may be advanced far closer to truthful intention of original Korean martial arts.
For the last, 『Muyaedobotongji』introduces physical training, strength, basic movements to exploit the physical strength. The movements that can be extracted from the recovered martial art books may become keystone in constructing modern martial art technology with sound historical backing.
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