북한의 군중문화 : 예술선전대의 역할에 관한 연구
저자
발행사항
서울 : 동국대학교 대학원, 2005
학위논문사항
발행연도
2005
작성언어
한국어
DDC
951
발행국(도시)
서울
형태사항
ii, 130 p. ; 26cm
DOI식별코드
소장기관
Every government needs a support from its own people. Since a country' s political or governmental stability grows in proportion to the degree of the support from its people, the government seeks various means to gain the national support. The most popular means of all to get the public support is "political mobilization"
In a socialist system, "propaganda" does not represent a negative image because socialists do not separate the meaning of propaganda from that of education in terms of providing objective and scientific methods for its people to understand the world. A cultural construction of a socialist country directly relates to certain political purposes that finally construct a form of strong propaganda and mass mobilization. The main feature of mass mobilization is that it appeals to the people by conveying substantial contents in order to achieve certain political goals with its popularity. In addition, mass mobilization in a socialist country is used by a communist or labor party for the sake of educating people in a communist way and is one of the strongest ways to accelerate their political consciousness. This sort of mass mobilization makes people united with the party, explaining the party's policies to let people complete their assigned duties successfully.
The particular characteristic or, at the same time, the limit of socialist culture is that the culture belongs to politics. In socialist countries including the former Soviet Union, literature and politics are indivisible, and therefore, works of writers and artists are under the control of the party directly or indirectly. Some from non-socialist countries criticize the realistic works from socialist artists for being merely a political tool, not a genuine form of art. However, in the eyes of socialist artists, socialist realistic art is a result of continuing struggles between bourgeois and proletariat classes' views on literature and the dialectic development of the former Soviet literature, the purposes of which are the promotion and the realization of the party's policies and the inducement of political ideology, based on socialist ideas.
As in other countries or systems, Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) has constructed a socialist culture in order to maintain its own system and needed the public support for this. The North Korean labor party and its authorities came up with an idea of mass mobilization through artistic ways in order to induce political support from the majority of peasants and workers and indeed to mobilize them into a national economic development project.
This paper examines North Korea's "Art Propaganda Squads (APSs)" who are sent to factories, enterprises, cooperative farms, or military camps, sending political messages through conducting various artistic performances. Chapter Ⅱ describes how socialist countries have recognized culture and art, and how APSs of DPRK as political mechanics, which reflect the Chosun Labor Party's cultural policies, have displayed their activities over the North Korean society and affected its system. Chapter Ⅲ elaborates how North Korean governmental agencies and APSs that attempted to convey their political intentions using culture and art have constructed its unique mass culture substantially and politically from 1945 to the present by thoroughly examining North Korea's national newspaper Rodong Shinmoon, its monthly magazines Chosun Yaesul (Art), and its annual white papers Chosun Joongang Yeonkam. It traced back the activities of APSs and searched the historical development of them. Furthermore, it compiled and analyzed what types of orders or decisions the North Korean leaders, Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, have made. Chapter Ⅳ finds out where APSs belong to within the North Korean governmental system among such as the party, culture and art related executive agencies, and the culture and art association.
Cultural propagandism is very important in DPRK. The works of the APSs are not independent from the party but rather complementary; they are propagandas of the party's policies, crusades against illiteracy, notices of the forthcoming elections, sanitation campaigns, or mass mobilization for economic growth toward ordinary citizens from educated senior officers or propagandists. In addition, the works of APSs always include some sort of briefing sessions to explain each policy's meanings or to impose its legitimacy. Also, it is APSs' responsibility to entertain the workers or peasants by performing plays, dances, films, and so on, in order to encourage and entertain them.
Main features of APSs are, first of all, closely related to labor mobilization for the national economic development. Propaganda was an important part of APSs' works and it was systematically and frequently conducted during performances. Farmers' transplantations or economic activities for increasing factories' outputs conducted by APSs show fine examples how DPRK has been utilizing APSs in order to mobilize labors and encourage harvests.
Secondly, activities of APSs are also related to mass mobilization and ideological education. Contents of education are all political and ideological: the works of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jung Il, orders or policies of the party, propagandas for people's economic plans, international politics surrounding the Korean peninsula, and propagandas about socialism, each of which mainly plays an complementary role in conveying political messages at a proper time for a proper place.
APSs play a comprehensive role as a preacher who imposes the party's legitimacy; a messenger who convey means for socio-politization; a mediator who strengthens solidarity; and an entertainer who encourages workers to work harder. They, on the other hand, make their leaders feel safe with his people's support, agreement, and trust. Of course, there is no autonomy within the North Korean culture and members of APSs should act only within the party's regulations. The State internalized a structural force within the APSs, with which members should "report and review" their performances, and therefore everything is decided upon what languages Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il would allow, monopolizing truths. It strengthens the solidarity of APSs but many times acts as a means to suppress the freedom of creativeness. Thinking one step away from an ethical judgment on socialist cultural policies, the unfamiliarity we feel about the North Korean society, in other words, the reasons to their incomprehensible solidarity and blind subordination to their leaders, are clearly seen as right from its cultural policies.
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