This study investigated the usefulness of CPTED(Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) as a measure to enhance the effectiveness of industrial security programs. This study also aimed to find the factors influencing the adaptation of CPTED into the filed of industrial security, to investigate the effectiveness of CPTED in preventing economic espionage attempts, and to examine the relationships between CPTED techniques and other crime prevention strategies in industrial security programs.
The researcher in this study used both qualitative case study and quantitative analysis to analyze the data collected during the research. The researcher first examined 250 employees in or related to security industries using a questionnaire designed to investigate their understanding of the usefulness of CPTED to enhance the effectiveness of industrial security programs, and interviewed 9 professionals in or related to the industrial security compound, utilizing Legard's in-depth interviews(Ritchie & Lewis 2003), a purposive sampling(Merriam 1998), and the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin(1990).
Specifically, the researcher used semi-structured interviews(Lindlof & Taylor 2002), applied an inductive categorial system for the analysis of collected data, and referred to open coding, axial coding and selective coding from the grounded theory approach. On the other hand, the researcher also utilized surveys and statistical analysis techniques, including quantitative data analysis using SPSS statistics package software program, frequency analysis, one-way ANOVA, and regression analysis to investigate the survey data.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce the methods, selected findings, and a discussion of an action research on implementing a tactical approach to the usefulness of CPTED as a measure to enhance the effectiveness of industrial security programs. The main participants of this study, particularly in qualitative case study, were 4 security professionals and 5 experts--an attorney at law, a professor, a journalist, a police officer, and a government official --related to the industrial security field.
This study used interviewees, literatures, newspapers, articles, and Internet resources relating to the subject of this study for triangulation of data. The researcher interviewed nine subjects from September 15, 2009 to December 20, 2009. The total sessions of each person were consisted of two sessions for each person, and the interview time of each session was forty-five to ninety minutes.
The research design used for this study was a self-reflective inquiry. The collected data were analyzed using the inductive method--inductive categorial system--for the reflective journals and constant comparison for the interviews. The audio files recorded during each interview were carefully examined to observe commonalities and differences between participants. The findings during this research are as follows.
[Source: 'Keeping Security Out of Sight' by Jeffrey Dingle(2003)]
The world has changed dramatically since the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. The events of Sept. 11 were the catalyst to bring about real change in the filed of security. Security measures are adopted on the basis of perceived risk, and from a risk assessment standpoint. For businesses, the need for increased security is apparent. Yet there are many cases where the businesses may not want the appearance of security to be obvious. Although government organizations usually make security a priority over aesthetics, corporate and private facilities often cannot afford to follow this policy.
Many are taking security to a new level: transparent security. Transparent security is strategy that addresses the need for security while respecting the importance of a low-key appearance. Transparent security follows two lines, hard and soft. The hard includes equipment, specifically equipment that is designed to be discrete or invisible. The soft involves policies and a strategy known as CPTED. Occasionally, non-security objects may be used to serve soft security purposes. For example, maple trees were planted in a park of a city specifically to prevent vehicles from travelling into a restricted area. The trees were part of the park, the placement was part of the security plan.
The concept of transparent security design is proactive. The idea is to look for potential problems and take steps to put invisible or unobtrusive material in place to mitigate the potential problem. Technology is helping to make transparent security easier, and recent advances in the field of window films are an example. An optically clear film is available that can be applied to almost any window, providing a significant increase in protection. Window films provide several security advantages. Window film is relatively inexpensive and is typically done as a retrofit on existing glass.
CPTED classifies people as either normal users, abnormal users or observers. Normal users are the people that belong in a facility. They are the employees, the guy who fills the vending machine, the customers and anyone else who has legitimate business in that facility. The abnormal users are the opposite of the normal users. They are the thieves, the vandals, the information brokers and everyone else who is to be kept away.
The idea of letting some people in while keeping others out is at the heart of any access control system. What makes CPTED different is the idea of observers. A CPTED observer is a person who has been placed at a specific location to minimize the probability of a crime. The concept is simple: The more people looking at something, the less likely crime is to occur. As the number of people looking is increased, so is the probability that someone committing a crime will be seen, and therefore identified and caught.
CPTED also utilizes the concept of taking high-risk activities and placing them in low-risk areas to minimize the potential for crime. This is done without the use of security devices and is also transparent. Bank ATMs, for example, are inherently high-risk. The transparent goal in providing security for an ATM is to place the machine in an area of high visibility. As the need for security continues to increase, transparent security design is becoming a factor in good architectural and security planning. Minor changes can make a big difference, without compromising aesthetics.
The impact of security is evident in perimeter systems, too. Some facilities are blending designs into the metal perimeter fence construction to reduce the visual impact of the fence. CPTED takes the built environment and carefully modifies it to increase security. The concept has been used by planners and architects for many years to control behavior; the emphasis is on the placement of existing non-security materials to achieve a security benefit.
[Source: 'Keeping Security Out of Sight' by Jeffrey Dingle(2003)]
The qualitative case study and quantitative analysis used in this research led to the conclusion as follows.
Given that there are so many different possible forms/techniques of crime prevention, the institutionalization of CPTED into the field of industrial security can be a good strategy in protecting information and technologies of an enterprise. The broad nature of the CPTED approach allows its adaptation to any setting, including corporate security programs, and results indicate that it is an effective approach to reducing crime and/or threats to corporations.
This research finally suggests that CPTED can easily be adapted into the filed of industrial security, and that CPTED is a useful measure to both enhance the effectiveness of industrial security programs in terms of its traditional crime prevention strategies and reduce opportunities of crime as well. This study also found the effectiveness of CPTED in preventing economic espionage attempts when united with industrial security programs.
However, this study has not independently evaluated other factors contributing to the effectiveness and usefulness of CPTED. Therefore, more research is thus needed on individual components and effects in various settings.

이 연구는 산업보안(Industrial Security) 활동의 효과성 향상을 위한 CPTED(Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: 환경설계를 통한 범죄예방) 기법의 유용성에 대한 인식을 이해하고 분석하는데 목적이 있었다. 이러한 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 산업보안 분야의 충분한 경험을 가진 9명을 대상으로 심층면접을 실시하여 귀납적 범주 분석을 통해 심층적으로 분석하였고, 또한 산업보안 분야 종사자 215명에 대한 설문조사를 통한 통계분석을 함께 실시하였다. 이 연구를 통해 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다.
첫째, 산업보안 인식의 측면에서 볼 때 산업보안에 대한 사회 전반적인 인식이 부족하고 보안에 대한 체계적인 관리나 정부의 투자 및 지원, 그리고 전문인력 양성 및 학술적 연구의 확산 등에서 문제점과 개선의 필요성을 인식하였다. 그리고 CPTED 개념이 산업보안 활동에 직·간접적으로 이미 응용되거나 활용되고 있음을 시사하였다.
둘째, CPTED 기법과 전략을 산업보안 활동에 적용할 수 있는 가능성에 대해서는 면접 참여자 모두가 동의하였으며, 설문조사의 통계분석 결과도 긍정적인 의미를 도출하였다. 대부분 주로 접근통제와 영상감시 등 물리적 보안 분야의 설계·설치에 있어서 그 인식의 필요성과 중요도를 공감하고 있었다. 또한 현재의 산업보안적 요소들이 기존의 CPTED 프로그램이 추구했던 범죄예방과 관련한 자연적인 전략 영역을 대신하여 보다 세련되게 범죄에 대한 두려움 감소와 안전감 증대에 기여할 수 있음으로 인해 오히려 산업보안이 CPTED 개념에 새로운 영역을 만들어주면서 상호 연계되어 발전할 수 있을 것으로 보았다.
셋째, 산업보안 활동의 효과성 향상을 위해 CPTED 기법이 유용하다고 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 산업기밀·기술 유출의 방지를 위한 가장 기본적인 접근은 체계적으로 고안·설치된 물리적 보안시스템과 환경적 요소의 고려라고 할 것인 바, 산업보안 활동에 CPTED 기법을 적용한다면 산업스파이 범죄의 위험도를 감소시켜 그 예방과 산업기밀·기술의 보호에도 효과를 거둘 수 있을 것으로 인식하였다.
결론적으로 산업보안 활동에 CPTED 기법·전략의 적용은 가능하며 또한 산업보안 활동의 효과성 제고를 위한 CPTED 기법의 유용성에 대한 인식도 긍정적인 바, 그러한 유용성을 극대화시키기 위해서는 범죄학 및 경찰학 등 연계학문과의 통합적 연구가 수행되어야 할 것이며, 현재의 국가적·사회적 실정과 변화의 추이에 맞게 산업보안과 CPTED 전략의 상호 연계 및 활용을 위한 보다 실증적이고 실용적인 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다. 그리고 국가 정책적 지원과 더불어 현재 절대적으로 부족한 산업보안 전문가 Pool을 구축하고 전문인력을 양성함으로써 산업보안을 활성화하고 산업보안 활동의 효과성 향상을 위한 사회과학적 접근과 학문적 노력이 절실히 필요하다.