북한 선군담론에 관한 연구 : 재생담론화 과정과 실천양상을 중심으로 = (A) study on Songun(army-first or army-based) discourse in North Korea
저자
발행사항
서울 : 동국대학교, 2008
학위논문사항
발행연도
2008
작성언어
한국어
KDC
340.911 판사항(4)
DDC
320.95193 판사항(21)
발행국(도시)
서울
형태사항
7, 219 p. : 도표, 천연색지도 ; 26 cm
일반주기명
참고문헌: p. 185-209
DOI식별코드
소장기관
Three essential elements of communism are objective ideals, action plans and the regime for implementing the objectives. Accordingly, objective ideals of socialist states of past and present have been economic prosperity and complete equality. Differences among socialist nations were caused by their action plans and the characteristics of their regimes that acted as the tools for implementing the objectives. Furthermore, the fact that there is no guideline for clearly distinguishing socialism and communism expanded the arbitrariness in establishing the transitional phase and acted as the limitations that left no choice for socialist states but to opt for autocratic protective democracy. In addition, since objective ideals often involved utopian elements that did not incorporate realistic conditions, they created room for political leaders to arbitrarily interpret action plans and manipulate the regime structure at their discretion.
In North Korea, the Juche process was a discourse that emerged from the combination of communist objective ideals, action plans and the regime for implementing the objectives. The objective ideals that were constructed in the process of establishing the regime and the approach of explaining the ideals had already created an episteme by being fused with the historical structure. The ethical code that the individual self has to sacrifice for the Self of state and citizens must abide by rules was intermingled with the action plans to implement the objective ideals of the North Korean regime and established the theoretical structure for the Juche ideology. Kim Jong-il regime was launched amidst constant pressures to transform the existing discourse structure, including the fall of the Eastern Bloc, death of their leader and food shortage. The term 'Songun' emerged three years after the death of Kim Il-sung.
North Korea established the concept of 'Songun Huro(army-first, labor-second)' in 1997, followed by 'Songun Politics' in 1998 and 'Songun' in 1999. The 'revitalization movement' was initiated through communication among internal and external environments based on the 'Songun' code. North Korea began declared 'Songun' for reinforcing the blood ties among the party, the military and the people and emphasizing that revolution and construction are to be completed by the military and the people being one in body and spirit as well as the unification of mind and behavior. As of 2008, it seems that the Songun discourse has passed the theoretical systemization process and the public movement stage based on the revitalization of the Juche discourse. The Songun discourse can be summarized into three major areas with the advent of the Songun ideology. First is the 'Songun Principle', which corresponds to a type of social organicism and advocates oneness of the state, military, party and people from the epistemology perspective. The Songun revolutionary line is the macro thesis provided on top of the epistemology foundation. Namely, revolution of the military takes place, and the revolutionized military is established as the driving force of the socialist revolution, allowing the military to perform roles such as national defense, construction and human reformation. Moreover, the exemplary of the revolutionary army is propagated throughout the society to transform the entire society into an ideological and political military citadel. Songun politics was emphasizes as the methodology for actualizing such a master plan. Songun politics is divided into Songun leadership principles and Songun leadership system. The former refers to the specific tasks of socializing the exemplary of the revolutionary army, while the latter refers to the unified leadership system formed around the Chairman of the National Defense Commission.
It seems that the North Korean regime has opted for the military, a social group that regards 'order' and 'rules' as its lifeline, as a powerful capacity of revolution that can overcome current crises. Although the military is generally defined as a non-productive consumptive entity in a national system, North Korea is promoting a new role for its military, which involves acting as the pillar of the nation's capacity, responsible for economic development, national defense as well as socialist revolution. This is akin to the 'desire' that drove the medieval alchemists to convert common metals into gold using the philosopher's stone. From the macroscopic perspective, North Korea is trying to resolve internal and external adverse conditions with the integrated system that consists of politics, defense and production led by the military. Microscopically, on the other hand, North Korea is positioning the 'revolutionary army' as the furnace that transforms people into socialist citizens and attempting to convert the private sector and its chaotic disorder into a realm of cosmic 'order'.
Although the Songun discourse is expected to deploy the force of military order and regulations to bring about social stability and economic development in short term, it will become a double-edge sword in long term. It can be pointed out that since the Sungun discourse contains strong past-oriented characteristics and reactionary modernization, it relies on the reminiscence about the past and tradition. Moreover, the fact that such past experience always involved the process of amplifying hatred by selecting the 'others(enemies)' implies that the problem that the driving force inside the regime is subject to potential distortion. Also, while the unity of military and civilians emphasizes civilians absorbing the rules and organizations of the military, there can also be a 'reverse osmosis' that introduces civilian disorder into the military. Historically, military rules often collapsed due to the relaxation of internal order. Systematic assimilation between the military and civilians creates not only civilians with military rules, but also soldiers with lack of rules. Such problems are currently being exposed in the microscopic implementation process of the Songun discourse, and the 'non-socialist group' is becoming more active than ever. At the same time, even the 'inspection group' is making a transition into another leisured class amidst the swirl of the microscopic implementation.
The North Korean regime is currently displaying a distorted version of the past class ideology. The initial movement of emphasizing labor and encouraging agricultural production has disappeared. Labor has been belittled and agricultural farms have turned into another prison of revolution, creating a large number of lumpen-proletariats. On the other hand, there has emerged a leisured class that has accumulated certain levels of wealth by distorting the leadership discourse. The leaders of North Korea have failed to escape from the past-oriented mentality. They are still averse to change and solidifying themselves as traditional intellects who yearn for maintaining the status quo.
With the advent of Songun, North Korea is advocating 'a powerful and prosperous nation' as a new objective ideal. They are steering the driving force behind the regime towards the objective of a powerful and prosperious socialist nation in terms of ideology, military and economy. The new ideal has replaced the old 'perfect socialist triumph theory', which was removed from the Constitution in 1998. Songun, which has emerged as a revitalization movement, and its objective of the powerful and prosperous nation, are too detached from reality. There have been no public events related to Songun since 2008, which indicates that the revitalized Songun discourse is already losing its fundamental thrust. Also, the gap is widening between the objectives proposed in Songun discourse and those who must accept the objective. Microscopic fractures in the governing discourse are becoming apparent in not only the general public but also individuals with leadership roles, further blurring the future of Songun.
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