텔레비전 시사토론 대화의 구조와 전략 = (A) study on the structure and strategies of TV current debate conversation
This paper presents a study on persuasion style of TV current debate conversations. In other words, the purpose of this study is to find out structure and strategies of persuasion style.
Until now, structure and strategies of current debate conversations from the view of discourse analysis have been examined. The organization about persuasion style of current debate conversations on the basis of it is as following.
First, macro-structure and micro-structure of current debate conversations were examined. The macro-structure of current debate conversations was examined by dividing it into 'stage' and 'dialogue sequence'. First of all, in the case of the stage, around the function of current debate conversations, 'the stage of introduction - the stage of discussion reserve - the stage of the center about discussion - the stage of finish' are analyzed as four stages.
'The stage of introduction,' the starting part of current debate conversations are composed of content 'introducing' topic, debate participator(master of ceremonies, debater, and audience). The greeting and the information of way of viewer participation about debate participator are omitted. The central part of current debate conversations, 'the stage of discussion reserve' is a stage which 'checks' the basic situation of debater prior to real discussion, so it limits the objection, and is analyzed as the relations of 'question + answer + objection'. The finishing part of current debate conversations, 'the stage of conclusion is composed of' 'finish comment' which gives the chance debater to comment freely, 'organization' which values the content of discussion shortly, and 'greeting' toward debater. 'Finish comment' which appears only in the night's discussion of KBS is separated as 'the stage of finish reserve'.
The next time, in the case of dialogue sequence, 'introducing stage' of it is analyzed as 'introduction + greeting + return'. The dialogue sequence of discussion reserve stage are analyzed as 'question + answer' and 'discussion central stage' of it as 'question + answer + objection' and 'finish reserve stage' of it as 'question and answer'. Finish stage can not be analyzed as dialogue-sequence. The micro-structure of current debate conversations has been examined by dividing it as 'talk movement' and 'speech act'. 'In the case of question - conversation - movement,' it needs the debater's call in 'the discussion reserve stage,' on the contrary, it omits the debater's call in 'the discussion central stage'. The use of debater's call in 'question conversation movement' show the effect of suppressing argument.
The structural elements which strengthening argument are (1) the request of objection (2) the notice of controversy (3) the demand of evaluation (4) the call of entire debater. The structural elements which weaken argument are (1) the introduction of viewier's opinion, (2) the request of short answer, (3) the designation of discussion direction, (4) the notice of time, (5) the closed question, (6) the request of fast progress, (7) the designation of turn-taking.
The speech act of current debate conversations was examined by dividing the general speech act and pursuasive speech act. The former is composed of greeting speech act, introduction speech act, information speech act. The latter is divided into starting speech act and responding speech act. The starting speech act is composed of question speech act and responding speech act is composed of answering speech act and objection speech act.
The greeting speech act, introduction speech act, questioning speech act, quotation speech act, identification speech act, asking again speech act, agreement speech act, reproaching speech act, and compliment speech act have been examined through this study. Second, the pursuasive strategy of current debate conversations was examined. The pursuasive strategy was examined from the view of acclaims, attacks, and defenses, quotating Benoit(1999). The existing category including the strategy which praises someone's positive aspect and apologizes self-negative aspect was modified as following.
[Chart 75] The subcategory of persuasion strategy
The strategy of insistence
The strategy of attack
speaker's positive image
① strengthening strategy
② weakening strategy
speaker's negative image
③ strengthening strategy
④ weakening strategy
listener's positive image
⑤ strengthening strategy
listener's positive image
⑦ weakening strategy
listener's negative image
⑥ weakening strategy
listener's negative image
⑧ strengthening strategy
In other words, ①, ④, ⑧ are similar with insistence, defense, and attack, but ②, ③, ⑤, ⑥, ⑦ have been dealt with carelessly in the previous research. This study The strategy examined through this study is used in current debate conversations as the strategy of insistence, the strategy of attack by including the strategy of defense into the strategy of insistence which weakens negative image of speaker. It is divided into the strategies which threat face and respect face on the basis of Goffman's theory of face(1967). It is identified that the strategy of compliment and apology which consider relationship orientation is used in task-based conversation through this theory. The strategy of current discussion conversations is examined as the strategy of insistence and the strategy of attack.
The strategy of strengthening insistence is composed of the strategy of affirmation, ostentation, emphasis, apology, compliment, agreement. The strategy of weakening insistence is composed of the strategy of relaxation, acknowledgment, defense, compliment, false compliment, false agreement. The strategy of strengthening attack is composed of the strategy of negation, emphasis, quotation. The strategy of weakening attack is composed of the strategy of negation and reduction.
The structure and the strategy which influence persuasion as the mode of current debate conversations's persuasion was examined through this study.
In the future, the system of speech act should be set first, in relation to the structure of persuasion, and then, on the basis of it, the systematic discussion about micro-structure of current debate conversations should be made up for in the future. And at the same time, the list of strategy which is used in current debate conversations should be analyzed through more various data. Starting with this study, it is wished that the discussion about the structure of persuasion and strategy as the way of persuasion begin in earnest.
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