中國 民事執行 救濟制度에 관한 硏究 = (A) study on the remedy system of the Chinese civil execution law
Civil execution is the procedure whereby an agency of a government realizes, by exercising legal force, the claims indicated in applicable execution empowerment documents. In general, the remedy system in the civil execution procedure is all of the means of removing any disadvantage that the parties relating to the civil execution or any third party may suffer. The civil execution is intrinsically a system for the benefit of creditor. However, it is inevitable to exercise mandatory 'force' against the debtor in the course of realizing the creditor's right. Further, the rights of relevant parties and interested persons may be infringed upon due to erroneous execution methods taken in the performance of execution. From the perspective of the creditor, the execution should be done swiftly and appropriately for the benefits guaranteed in the substantive law. From the perspective of the debtor and a third party, economic loss should be prevented and personal freedom should not be excessively infringed upon in the course of execution. Furthermore, such instances should be guarded against, that malicious debtors or third parties interfere with the execution procedure or make the realization of true rights impossible and so on through unfair challenge or objection suit, etc. by misusing remedy means. Accordingly, it poses a crucial issue to establish a system against such misuse of remedy system.
As civil execution causes substantial infringement upon the property of debtor, the debtor must be granted the means of removing its disadvantages. Likewise, third parties must also be given the means of relief in case its rights are infringed upon. However, it may make the protection of creditor's rights neglectful to simply emphasize the remedy system for creditor or third parties. It must be considered in the remedy system of the civil execution procedure how we will balance the two contradictory points; namely, not only the consideration of realizing creditor's rights but also the protection of debtor and third parties.
China declared the Reform and Open-door Policy (1978), enacted the Civil Procedure Code of the Peoples Republic of China in 1982, and promulgated it in 1991. But, the complaints over civil execution has not been solved. These complaints and disputes over the civil execution are collectively referred to as the "difficulty of execution". The academic circle and enforcement circle in China have constantly called for revising the Civil Procedure Code in order to solve the difficulty of execution. As a result, the Civil Procedure Code of the Peoples Republic of China was finally revised on October 28, 2007. The revision was made mainly on Articles 202, 203 and 204 concerning the execution remedy, but it still does not contain sufficient provisions for the remedy system of the civil execution, which generates a lot of problems in the execution for both relevant parties and third parties.
It is said that in China there are still insufficient research in the academic circle and low interest in the enforcement circle on the remedy system of the civil execution. In Korea, lots of theories and legal research have been generated since long, and precedents have also been made in various aspects. Therefore, I want to look into the substantial difference and similarity of the civil remedy system between China and Korea and try to solve the problems of the civil execution system of China through comparative study in this thesis.
In China, there are lots of proclaimed judicial interpretations other than the Civil Procedure Code, which constitute the roots of law. This is aiming to supplement, through judicial interpretations, any procedural deficiencies in the civil execution. However, there are a variety of judicial interpretations that are regarded as the roots of law nature, and furthermore, there are some conflicting area existing between different judicial interpretations. These pose a big obstacle to reasonable operation of the civil execution procedure at current stage. These kinds of symptom become serious problems to the uniformity of civil execution business and the national legal systematization.
On the other hand, the current provisions on the civil execution in China consist in the Civil Procedure Code. That is to say, those are Article 201 through Article 234 in Chapter 3 Execution Procedure of the Civil Procedure Code. But, both of them are closely related with each other, and these two are generally separated and provided for as independent procedures under the current legal system. For example, while the civil suit procedure is the conceptional formation procedure of law, the civil execution procedure is the factual formation procedure of law. In the civil suit procedure, the suit is proceeded with both parties given equal status. In the civil execution procedure, however, the creditor is granted preferential status over the debtor. To say it again, I think it necessary to legislate a single set of civil execution law because the ideology or fundamental principle of civil execution procedure are not identical to those of the civil suit.
While, of the causes which generate the difficulty of execution in China, the local region protectionism is deemed to be a very important issue. The local region protectionism means the measures or practices of any municipal government or judicial agency's maintaining or expanding the benefits of its own region by actively misusing or passively not exercising the power it retains for the benefit of its own region. The local region protectionism manifested in the course of execution is for a local region to be involved in the execution business of the execution court in order to protect the corporations or individuals of its own region. This affects the fairness and rapidity of the civil execution, and poses a big obstacle to the protection of parties' and third parties' rights. I think it urgent to take basic countermeasures for the local region protectionism.
Accordingly, in this thesis I analyzed mainly the problems which the remedy system of the civil execution in China faces; namely, the problem in the civil relief of citizens, the problem in the judicial interpretations, incomplete legal provisions on the remedy system of the civil execution, the local region protectionism, etc. Especially, the purpose of this thesis is to study and summarize how those issues should be improved in comparison with the remedy system in the civil execution of Korea, wherever there are some problems, and then to provide suggestion on improvement of the remedy system of the civil execution in China by taking those into consideration.
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