韓國 古代 土器窯 變遷 硏究 = A study on the changes of ancient pottery kilns in Korea
저자
발행사항
대구 : 경북대학교 대학원, 2011
학위논문사항
학위논문(석사) -- 경북대학교 대학원 , 고고인류학과 고고학 , 2011. 8
발행연도
2011
작성언어
한국어
주제어
발행국(도시)
대구
형태사항
ⅲ, 144 p. ; 26cm
일반주기명
지도교수:이백규
소장기관
The study investigated the pedigree of ancient potter kilns during the time from three Kingdoms Period to the transitional period between Late Silla and early Goryeo Dynasties, and clarified the structural changes through examining regional changing phases of Korean ancient pottery kilns. The study was conducted to collect and analyze data throughall the area of Korea including Gyeonggi, Hoseo, Honam and Youngnam except rarely studied areas like Gangwon and Jeju and North Korea region which accessibility is practically impossible.
Among the structural factors of pottery kilns, the difference of planar shape including flue was identified as a major factor reflecting the period of pottery kilns. Along with this characteristic, the analysis was done based on the 3 categories that were length, width and size concerning aspect ratio. First, the planar shape was distinguished as a rectangle type (I type) and an oval type (II type). Second, according to the width of combustion chamber and the degree of flue’s protrusion, the widths of firing chamber and combustion chamber are almost similar in A type, thus smoking exit was vertically from the back wall to the ceiling. In B type, the width of combustion chamber linked from firing chamber was relatively narrow while the structure of smoking exit was same as A type. In C type, combustion chamber had narrowed width with slightly protruded flue (around 1 meter in length) at the back wall, which smoking exit was influenced to its planar shape. The combustion chamber’s width was narrowed in D type where the maximized size of flue (less than 2 meter in length) was protruded out of the back wall. Third, the size was analyzed statistically. The rectangle type was categorized as the Form 1 (4~6 meter in length, 1.3~1.8 meter in width, 2~3:1 in aspect ratio), the Form 2 (6~8 meter in length, 1.5~2.0 meter in width, 3~4:1 in aspect ratio)and the Form 1 (8 meter or more in length, 1.5~2.0 meter in width, 4.5~8:1 in aspect ratio). The oval type was categorized as the Form 1 (3~6 meter in length, 1.5~2.0 meter in width, 1.5~3.5:1 in aspect ratio), the Form 2 (6~8 meter in length, 2.0~3.5 meter in width, 2.5~3.5:1 in aspect ratio) and the Form 1 (8 meter or more in length, 2.0~3.5 meter in width, 3.0~4.5:1 in aspect ratio).
As the result of the analysis, the type of pottery kilns was set as IA1~3 type, IB1~3 type, IC1~3 type and ID1~3 type in case of rectangle type, and as IIA1~3 type, IIB1~3 type, IIC1~3 type and IID1~3. The changing aspects of pottery kilns were integrated as follows.
The ancient pottery kilns had the planar shape including firing chamber that was roughly distinguished as a rectangle type (I type) and an oval type (II type), generally changed and developed from IA(C), IIA type to IB, IIB type to IC, IIC type to ID, IID type, which indicates that ID, IID type is the most developed structure.
Based on these types, ancient pottery kilns was identified as showing the changes of I~IV phases. The phase I can be divided into I-1 (the late 3C~the early 4C: integrated structure, small/middle sized) and I-2 (the middle 4C: 10 meter or more in length, large sized), having integrated structure that linked through the same width in firing chamber and combustion chamber. I and II type were found regionally from I-1 phase, which shows a distributional characteristics that II type was mostly found in Hosea area.
The phase II is identified with the kiln’s structure being developed narrowed width combustion chamber and protruded flue from the integrated structure of the phase I. The changing aspects of phase II-1 (in the latter half of 4C~the end of 4C: narrowed width of combustion chamber, protruded flue)were mainly found in Gyeonggi, Honam and Hoseo area, and those aspects of phase II-2 (5C~the early 6C) were found in Youngnam area with identified the narrowing tendency of combustion chamber’s width except protruded flue that may be identifiable afterwards.
While continuing the changes of the previous phase in the phase III, pottery kilns with protruded flue of the phase III-1 (the middle 6C~8C)were specifically identified in Youngnam area, which shows difference from other areas. Given that the oval type was found in Youngnam during the phase, the rationality of planar shape is assumed as being disappeared. Due to lack of current data for the phase, the time of the phase could go back if data is accumulated later. The phase III-2 (9C~the early 10C) is presumed as the transitional period to maximize the protrusion of flue.
The phase IV (after the middle of 10C) can be seen as the time of completing the kilns structure that had maximized flue and the most developed structure.
The structure of kilns in the earliest time of I phase was mostly IA1 type and IIA1 type, presumably appeared around the late 3C~the early 4C. In the phase IV, the latest period, the kilns structure was ID and IID type, presumably appeared after the middle of 10C. In addition, It is assumed that B type having narrowed width of combustion chamber and B type having same structure with slightly protruded flue were appeared after the late 4C, particularly in Gyeonggi area showing these changes in the earliest time compare to other areas.
These changing aspects of ancient pottery kilns are resulted in several conclusions.
First, diachronically, the rectangle type (I type) and the oval type (II type) were identified as coexisted. Particularly, the oval type of kilns was supposed to be appeared relatively earlier and more frequently in Hoseo and Gyeonggi areas compare to Youngnam and Honam areas. These aspects can be seen as regional distribution characteristics.
Second, it is necessary to reexamine that the previous study viewed ancient pottery kilns as having oval shape and being developed from vertical to horizontal structure by taking kilns in Jincheon areas as an example.
Third, because of the unique structures of kilns found in Jincheon from Three Kingdom Period, Dangga in Najoo Singari and Haengamdong in Gwangjoo that are not found in other areas and unclear about their spreading, these characteristics are understood as (sub) regional characteristics. Moreover, structural changes in specific areas related with specific styles in pottery production were not identified.
The pedigree of ancient pottery kilns was speculated concerning the internal phased development. The author sought the origin of pottery kilns of Proto-Three Kingdoms Period from Youngnam area’s Daeseongdong type of Gimhae (I type: located on level ground, a flat floor, a planar shape as being indeterminate or round) and Bonggyeri type of Sacheon (II type: located on hills, an inclined floor, a planar shape as a ditch) corresponding to the time period ranged from the early Iron Age to Proto-Three Kingdoms Period. These kilns are presumed as a structure with covers on the top that was supposed to be developed and applied as effective firing techniques during the gradual process based on the experiences obtained from the kiln management. Throughout the process, it seemed developed as a closed kiln structure that the floor of firing chamber became flat or inclined, had fixed ceiling and its size was expanded. In addition, these pottery kilns of Proto-Three Kingdoms Period is supposed to connect naturally to IA1 type and IIA1 type, the earliest types of Three Kingdoms Period that were examined in this study.
Finally, the study concentrated on the structural changes of Korean pottery kilns during the time from Three Kingdoms Period to the transitional period between Late Silla and early Goryeo Dynasties, thus the explanation and the analysis might be insufficient due to the limited aspects of structural changes of kilns. In addition, there is a lack of active examination about the meaning in the planar shape of kilns distinguished as rectangle and oval. It would be necessary to study these issues in the future.
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