물권으로서의 어업권에 관한 연구
Viewing fishery right as a kind of real right, Korean Fisheries Act improves
the rights of fishers[s 16(2) Fisheries Act]. In addition, defining fishery right
as a kind of real right by providing that “the provisions of the Civil Act
governing land shall apply mutatis mutandis”, it is aiming at the protection
of fishers’ rights. However, despite such provisions of Fisheries Act, there
have been a number of infringements and disputes on licensed fisheries
among fishers. Such disputes are mainly due to the understanding of
fishery right not as a real right but only as a regulatory regime by the
government. Excessive intervention by the government when disputes arise
regarding the infringement on the fishery right, showed the limitation of
government’s management of the fishery rights. Therefore, the failure in the
government regulation on fishery rights should be addressed by the real
right approach in the Civil Act.
The term “fishery business” means business of catching, gathering, or
cultivating marine animals or plants, and the term “fishing ground” means
a certain area of waters where a business with a license is carried on
exclusively and monopolistically. In s 16 of Fisheries Act (Acquisition and
Nature of Fishery Right), it is provided that any person who obtains a fishery business license or has a fishery right transferred or divided shall
acquire the fishery right only when it is registered on the original register
of fishery rights, and a fishery right shall be a real right, to which the
provisions of the Civil Act governing land shall apply mutatis mutandis,
except as provided for otherwise in the Fisheries Act. This means that
fishery right on the basis of license is a kind of real right and waters are
regarded as a kind of land in the Civil Act. To protect the licensed fishers
with fishery rights, the study should be focused on the definition and
characteristics of fishery right, and on its effects and characteristics as a real
right. Fishery right as a kind of real right has the characteristics as a
proprietary, possessory and absolute right. Therefore, fishery right is a right
exclusively and monopolistically using specific waters and enjoying the
benefits from it, which is granted by fishery license.
In principle, waters, that is object of fishery right, is owned by the
government, so, the obtaining of the ownership by a private person is
strictly restricted. The subjects of fishery right are fisher, fishing village
fraternities, district fisheries cooperatives, fisheries partnership, and the
objects of fishery right are open sea, seashore, artificial inland sea waters
for fishery. As most of the objects of fishery right are public waters, the
exercise and alteration of fishery right takes place on the sea.
The alteration of fishery right takes place by the transfer of right and the
registration of the alteration on the original register of fishery rights.
Therefore, when fishery right is infringed, preemptive effects and
proprietary rights are recognized for the protection of fishers’ right. In the
exercise of proprietary rights, claim for the prevention and removal of
interruption of fishery right is rightly recognized. However, regarding the
exercise of the right to request a return and the right to collection, those
rights cannot be exercised for the marine animals or plants whose
manifestation is difficult. So, those rights can be exercised only for the
things whose manifestation is possible such as ships, facilities or
manufactured products.
Regarding fishery right as a kind of real right, there are several restrictions
for fisheries policy including prohibition of pledge and lien, partial
restriction on mortgage, prohibition of possession by third party, prohibition
of lease, restriction on the waiver of fishery right and on the disposal of
shares, and prohibition of superficies and easement. Possession and
proprietary right of fishery right should be understood in terms of the
utilization and limitation of waters. The right of possession is applied to
fishing ground and chattels including marine animals or plants, and
facilities. And, direct and hostile possession is applied to fishery right, but,
indirect possession is not applied to fishery right because only actual
custody is recognized in fishery right. The right to acquire fruits based on
possession, the claim for the protection of possession and self-help are also
recognized in fishery right. Among the proprietary rights in fishery right,
ownership is recognized for chattels such as marine animals or plants, and
facilities. And principle regulating adjoining owners is applied to waters
and acquisition of bona vacantia is also applied.
This research views the legal character of fishery right as a kind of real
right among private rights, and, using the papers and other materials
published in and outside Korea, it focuses on the study of real right
character of fishery right under the Fisheries Act. Besides that, this research
analyzes and examines the decisions of Korean courts, and, by that, inquires
into the views of the courts. In order to systemically study fishery right as
a form of real right which is created in its exercise under the Fisheries Act,
I set the following study scope.
Chapter One. As an introduction, I described the objective of studying
fishery right as a kind of real right, and depicted the necessity of the study
motivated by the circumstances of Korean society and fisheries. And, I also
discussed about the methods and the scope of this study.
Chapter Two. As a historic consideration of fishery right in Korea, I
examined the history in which the current fishery right has finally come
into being. In addition, I studied the existence of practices in relation to
fishery right and their incorporation into statute.
Chapter Three. I studied the concept of fishery right under the license
system of the Fisheries Act and the legal character of fishery right created
by the characteristics of fishing ground as an object of fishery right. Besides
that, clearly distinguishing between the subject and object of alteration of
fishery right, and examining the characteristics of fishery right as a kind of
real right, I studied the effects of the real right for the protection of fishers.
Fishery right recognizes the exclusive and monopolistic possession of fishing
ground. Therefore, fishing ground vested with fishery right should be
viewed as a land with the characteristics of waters. In the view that the
legal character of fishery right is a real right, I studied the exercise of the
claim as a real right and its preemptive effects.
Chapter Four. I studied the alteration of fishery right. The alteration of
fishery right takes place upon the transfer of right and the registration on
the original register of fishery rights. The registration on the original
register of fishery rights has the same effect with the registration in real
estate. A document certifying the grounds for the transfer of fishery right
should be filled in.
Chapter Five. In principle, Fisheries Act permits the alteration of fishery
right. However, it restricts the alteration for the comprehensive and
reasonable use of waters. Besides general restrictions, the restrictions include
prohibition of pledge, prohibition of possession by third party, prohibition
of lease, restriction on securities, restriction on the disposal of shares,
prohibition of lien, and prohibition of superficies and easement. In addition,
I studied in what form of possession and proprietary right is fishery right
used.
As shown in this research, the Fisheries Act recognizes preemptive effects
and claims of fishery right as a kind of real right. The Fisheries Act also
recognizes the right to acquire fruits based on possession, the claim to
protect possession and self-help. In addition, it recognizes the ownership of
chattels, the principle regulating adjoining owners and the acquisition of
bona vacantia. Through this research on fishery right as a kind of real
right, I systematically studied the methods to protect fishers’ rights by
defining fishers’ right more specifically.
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