19세기 佛書刊行과 劉聖鍾의 『德新堂書目』 연구 = A study on the publication of Buddhist books & Yu seong-jong's (劉聖鍾) Deoksindang seomok (德新堂書目) in the 19th century late Joseon dynasty
A comprehensive study on the Buddhist texts published in the 19th century is necessary in order to highlight the Buddhist thought, faith and culture of the late Joseon period. This paper will review the trend of Buddhist text publication in the 19th century, introduce the lay Buddhist Haewol Yu Seongjong (慧月居士 劉聖鍾, 1821~1884), who played a key role in the compilation and publication of Buddhist texts in the latter of 19th century, and examine the Buddhist catalogue titled Deoksindang Seomok (德新堂書目), compiled by and previously owned by the aforementioned Yu Seongjong.
One characteristic of the 19th century Buddhist publications is that they were remarkably increased in the area of Mt. Samgaksan (三角山) and Yangju (楊州) county around Seoul with support of the royal family and the influential family during the latter Joseon dynasty. It is especially noteworthy that the lay Buddhist community was dedicated to this common goal and actively promoted Buddhist publications. The most active person in this endeavor was the lay Buddhist Haewol Yu Seongjong, who also went by the name of Bogwang Yu Un (葆光居士 劉雲).
In 1846 at the age of 26, Yu Seongjong was appointed the bangam (飯監), the government employee in charge of food for the royal court. He worked in the palace until 1878 when he retired at 58. In 1849 at the age of 29, he had begun to study as a pupil under the scholar, Weolchang Kim Daehyun (月窓居士 金大鉉, ?~1870) who was the lay Buddhist and well acquainted with the three major East Asian religious traditions of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism until Weolchang retired to hermitage in his hometown in 1860.
Yu Seongjong introduced Buddhist texts from China to Ssangweol Seonghwal (雙月性闊), who also actively participated in publishing Buddhist texts. In addition, Yu Seongjong introduced Tiantai Zhiyi’s (天台智顗) Chan Boluomi (禪波羅蜜) to his teacher Weolchang and helped him compile Seonhak Immun (禪學入門: An Introduction to Seonhak) as a guidebook for Seon practice. At age of 49, Yu Seongjong joined a religious community called the Association of Jeongwonsa (淨願社) with monks and lay Buddhists which had been organized in 1869 by Hwangong Chijo (幻空治兆) at Bogwangsa (普光寺) Temple, Paju county, Gyeonggidoprovince. Yu Seongjong participated in the Buddhist compilations of Hwangong Chijo and used his Buddhist pen name as Bogwang Bowon (葆光居士 普元).
In 1872, Yu Seongjong organized a new religious community only with laymen called the Myoryensa (妙蓮社) Association in Seoul, which afterward merged into the Gamrosa (甘露社) Buddhist Association. Over a period of four years they compiled the book Jejung Gamro(濟衆甘露)written by the revelation from God as a kind of Nanseo (鸞書) which was published in 1878. This book came from the religious participation of Yu Seongjong and his Myoryensa members. Yu Seongjong participated in the publication of Seonseo (善書)which is a book to encourage a person to do good deeds from the year 1876 under the King Gojong's (高宗)policy until his death of the year 1884. After his retirement from his official job in palace, he began in earnest to compile and publish Seonseo as a key member of Musangdansisa (無相壇侍士) which was the Taoist group related to the folk beliefs of Three holy gods (三聖帝君) i.e. Guanseong (關聖), Munchang (文昌) and Buwoo (孚佑). He used his name as Myungju Yu Un (溟洲劉雲) and also his Taoist name as Cheongryunja (淸蓮子).
In 1882, at the age of 62, Yu Seongjong again participated in publishing Buddhist texts with members of both the Jeongwonsa (淨願社) and Gamrosa (甘露社) Associations. These texts were mostly related to Pure Land faith and Seon (禪書).He did not just republish existing Buddhist texts; he compiled and published new texts which were the compendia of the extracted topics from the Pure Land scriptures, and the series of Seon and Pure Land texts compiled in China and Korea. This was possible because Yu Seongjong not only understood domestically circulated Buddhist texts but also Chinese texts.
The Deoksindang Seomok, now owned by the HarvardYenching Library, supports these facts. There are about 862 titles and 5,619 volumes of Buddhist books listed in the Deoksindang Seomok. In addition, the ownership stamps including ‘慧月居士’ (Haewol Geosa) and ‘劉聖鍾印’(Yu Seongjong In) appear in the the Deoksindang Seomok. So far I have found about 233 books of 40 titles with Yu Seongjong's stamps housed in the collection of Ven. Seongcheol (退翁性徹, 1912~1993) and the Royal Libraries of Gyujanggak (奎章閣) and the Jangseokgak (藏書閣). Therefore, we know that Yu Seongjong not only owned the catalogue but also compiled it, and he also owned the books mostly listed in the catalogue. Yu Seongjong seems to have collected the Buddhist texts for 20 years from 1850’s to 1870’s in view of his activities. On the basis of the collections, he finished to compile the Deoksindang Seomok before 1880’s.
The Deoksindang Seomok lists 369 titles of sutras and their commentaries and 337 titles of Chinese compilations, most of which come from the Tripitaka Jiaxing (嘉興大藏經) which was commercially circulated during China’s late Ming (明) and early Qing (淸) dynasties. The Tripitaka Jiaxing first became known in Korea in 1681 accidentally a Chinese merchant ship with the Jiaxing to Japan was wrecked and cast away on the coast of Imjado in Jeolla Province. Until the end of the 19th century, it was imported by Korean envoys or merchants from Beijing to Korea. The considerable amount of Buddhist books compiled in China and Japan included texts on the Pure Land faith. Texts compiled in Korea confirm that they included texts on Seon and the ‘gate of chanting’, one of three practices in the ‘Three Gates Discipline’ (三門修學). The Three Gates Discipline, which were Buddhist practices in the late Joseon Dynasty, consisted of Gyeongjeolmum (勁節門: the gate of direct cut mainly by Seon 禪), Wondonmun (圓頓門: the gate of perfection and epiphany mainly by Buddhist doctrine 敎) and Yeombulmun (念佛門: the gate of chanting Buddha mainly by Pure Land faith 淨土).
Chanting practice and Pure Land faith were very popular not only in Korea but also in China and Japan. This is proof that the popularization of Buddhism was developing across East Asia as a whole. The Buddhist texts that Yu Seongjong tried to compile with the Jeongwonsa (淨願社) and Gamrosa (甘露社) Associations reveal the ‘Oneness of Seon and Pure Land’ (禪淨一致) thought based on Seon and Pure Land texts. In addition, the Buddhist books collected and published by Yu Seongjong became the foundation of modern Buddhist publication around the early 20th century. His efforts to propagate Buddhism can be considered a driving force in the popularization of Buddhism. Information revealed in the Deoksindang Seomok confirms the influx of Chinese Buddhist texts and the circulation of Japanese Buddhist texts in the latter of 19th century. It also confirms the history of the exchange and circulation of Buddhist texts between China, Korea and Japan.
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