加耶 武裝 硏究
This study examines the process and the type of armaments based on weapons, armors, and harnesses excavated from the ancient Gaya tombs. The establishment of armaments was directly linked to the survival of the political entity in ancient society and its track records serve as a critical basis to better understand the development stage of Gaya. Gaya was subdivided into several regions, which had different fates of rise and decline with large ancient tombs arranged at the center of each political entity. This study has focused on the hierarchical structure of military retention with an aim to understand the development stage of Gaya through the process of organizing the armaments.
The armed weapons of Gaya are largely classified into weapons and armors. The study has first classified the forms and looked into their transition process to gain an in-depth understanding of the nature of armaments. Gaya’s weapons are classified into swords, helmets, and iron arrowheads largely in terms of morphologic differences and specifications. Armors are classified into helmets, laminar armors, and lamellar armors, and it is confirmed that Gaya retained a variety of manufacturing techniques in the process of practical application along with a set pattern in introduction stage.
The personal armaments include a combination of armor, harness, sword, helmet, and iron arrowheads. Type A includes armor and harness by default and is the top-level armament accompanied by a lot of weapons. Type B is a combination of armor and weapon while type C is a combination of harness and weapon. In contract, the subordinate armaments are completed with a combination of various weapons, including sword and helmet for type D, sword alone for type E, helmet alone for type F, and helmet alone for type G.
Based on the forms and types of armed weapons, the study identified the transition of the Gaya’s armaments. The emergence of new armaments is deemed as a breakthrough development, which is set into five different stages during the period between the late 3rd century and the mid-6th century. The study has investigated the accompanying relationship and excavation frequency of the armaments by classifying the evolution of the armaments into nine stages with different ratios of combination in different periods of time.
The appearance of iron weapons and the armaments of Byeonhan paved the way for the armaments of Gaya armaments. In the early grey pottery stage, many ancient tombs are found to have a combination of daggers and helmets with a small amount of iron arrowheads. In the late grey pottery stage, many helmets are found in ancient tombs with the appearance of wood coffin tombs and a gradual decline of daggers. The adoption of status symbols such as sword such as a sword with ping pommel or a long sword reflects the hierarchical stratification and the expanded burial of helms is likely to indicate actual tactics or changes in weapons system.
The armed system in the Former Gaya period from the late 3rd century is characterized by the domination of armaments by the leading central group. The iron armors that appeared in mid-4th century were mostly granted to those in the upper class, leading to the functional enhancement of the offensive weapons. Gaya saw an increased distribution of swords with ping pommel as an impact weapon, standardization of helmets with slender type ones and a transition of iron arrowheads into short caliber and mid caliber arrowheads, resulting in enhanced penetration power. The armament levels varied according to the hierarchical levels with a helmet serving as a key element in personal armaments of solders.
Geumgwangaya formed the central base of the Former Gaya society, leveraging the capacity to wage a collective form of battle. In the 5th century, a formidable armament equipped with long ranged weapons expanded to the individual groups within the region along with attempts to build more organized defense system due to a sweeping change in regional circumstances.
Some 40% of weapons combination found in the Daesung-dong ancient tombs in Gimhae are from upper class armed combatants with the subordinate class organized in a stable manner. It is highly likely that the monopoly of armaments by the upper class accompanied by the surrounding unit groups formed a solid unity with the Daesung-dong group serving as a central axis. The Bocheon-dong group is recognized as a key group in establishing the Former Gaya Federation with the upper class armaments accounting for 64%. The mid-sized and large ancient tombs that monopolized armaments continued to be built even after the suspended construction of the Daesung-dong ancient tombs, but they seem not to have secured stable subordinate organizations.
Goguryeo's military expedition to the south in 400 triggered a transition from the Former Gaya to the Later Gaya with the emergence of new armaments in western Gyeongnam that suffered a retarded development of the political entity. The Late Gaya saw a relative decline in armors and helmets with a gradual increase of swords and iron arrowheads along with harnesses. Changes in the structure of armaments vary from region to region and reflect the differentiation of the defense system.
Daegaya saw an establishment of standardized armament of soldier that includes a polygonal helmet as one of the key items. The internal order was established with the expanded armaments to the unit groups in the surrounding region, leading to securing a reliable power to mobilize armed forces by the 6th century. The hierarchically organized armed system reflects the growth of the political entity despite the limited monopoly of armaments by the upper class compared to Daraguk and Ara Gaya The dissemination of the classes that possess helms has something in common with the rearrangement of armaments led by Geumgwan Gaya.
The Okjeon ancient tombs in Hapcheon, which is the central tomb of Daraguk are found to have a monopoly of the upper class armaments accompanied by armors and harnesses. Although they failed to secure the subordinate organizations as part of the defense system much like Daegaya, they managed to form a military solidarity with an increase of solders in subordinate groups. The defense system organized around the central group is believed to have a structure similar to that of the Bokcheon-dong group in Former Gaya period.
Aragaya saw an expansion of armors and harnesses in the restructuring process toward the Later Gaya with the armaments dominated by the upper class. The Haman Malisan ancient tombs are found to have an absolute monopoly of the upper class armaments with the adjacent unit groups apparently under strict control. The 6th century saw a frequent burial of daggers for personal protection purposes in the form of private possession. No systematic defense system centered on soldiers was established with a solid coverage of the closed political entity.
Sogaya in the southern part of Gaya is found not to have established a distinguished political body but to have instituted many subordinate armaments in surrounding unit groups. The mid-5th century saw an increase of wooden-handled daggers and swords while the 6th century witnessed wooden-handled daggers for self-defense as one of the main weapons for those who possessed short swords. Possession of private weapons became common among local groups, which is understood as a tool for waging individual combats and/or maintaining internal order.
The establishment of the defense system of Gaya as well as the ancient tombs and pottery styles reflect the growth of Gaya’s regional political bodies. The composition of complete armaments was dominated by the central group in the region, followed by the dissemination throughout the surrounding regional groups. The possession of armaments is presumed to have escaped from the monopoly by specific individuals and to have expanded to the group-led organization. The wide-ranging defense system established in the relational network among local groups in surrounding regions presumably resulted in decline in burial of armors and weapons as tomb furnishings as it entered the stage of possession of public armaments later on.
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