Currency is an important achievement of human civilization. The culture of the currency reflects on the history society, economy, and politics. In a long term, coinage was the primary form of currency. Therefore, coinage study is also a crucial subject of studies on currency. The first independent currency coining in the history of the Korean Peninsula also began in the Goryeo Dynasty. Therefore, to study Goryeo coinage is a significant subject in the history of the Korean Peninsula.
Earlier studies discussed the Goryeo coinage from many angles, which have deepened our understanding of the Goryeo coinage and laid a solid foundation for new research. However, due to the lack of historical sources and the insufficiency of material objects, many puzzles about Goryeo coinage remain unanswered. Based on previous studies in the numismatic and historical field, this article therefore attempts to make a comprehensive, systematic, and in-depth study of the Goryeo coinage through sorting out all relevant historical sources and using a large number of material objects.
On the one hand, this article focuses on the traditional perspective of the currency history and intends to examine the Goryeo coinage in the history. Only a few records directly relating to the Goryeo coinage exist in the historical texts, which is the most significant limitation for the study of Goryeo coinage. In order to overcome this dilemma, based on the literature textural research method, which is commonly used as traditional in the historical research, this article uses the research methods of numismatics and examines the historical development of Goryeo coinage from the perspective of East Asia. In this way, it breaks through the previous unitary method, which relies on literature textural research approach, and surpasses the limitation of Korea's own historical perspective. It also puts the development context of Goryeo coinage in a broader time period and space for in-depth discussion. It can solve the difficulty of insufficient historical sources relating the study of Goryeo coinage to a certain extent. Therefore, this article conducts a more detailed analysis of Korean historical sources that have been widely used. By using relevant documents from different periods and countries, —especially historical sources of numismatics that is rarely used at present— combined them with the unearthed coinage objects and comparing them with the development of coinage in China and other countries during the same period, it attempts to present the background of promoting Goryeo coinage, as well as the specific situations on casting and circulation more comprehensively, and further enriches our macro-understanding of the history of Goryeo coinage.
On the other hand, it focuses on the traditional perspective of numismatics and intends to make a subtle investigation of the Goryeo coinage itself. So far, neither the historians nor the numismatics have ever made a similar systematic evaluation of the Goryeo coinage. Based on the investigation of a large number of real Goryeo coinages, this article relies on using the methods of numismatics and borrows the methods from disciplines such as philology and art history to analyze the characteristics of the Goryeo coinage. On this basis, it combined with the characteristics of the casting of coins to establish the division of the coin section. Based on the systematic arrangement of the Goryeo coinage, the system of Goryeo coinage is rebuilt to break through the limitation of brief documentary records and enrich or even changes the previous understanding of the history of Goryeo coinage. At the same time, this article also uses the methods of chemistry, material science, and other disciplines to make a scientific analysis of the metal composition of the Goryeo coinage in order to evaluate the metallurgical technology of the Goryeo era. And based on correlation and comparison, the article attempts to explore the casting technology of the Goryeo coinage and reconstruct the casting process by using the methods of numismatics and the research results of the coinage and casting technology of the Tang and Song Dynasties. In addition, the casting technology of coinage minting is related to the casting technology of movable metal type, which has triggered a new way of thinking about the Goryeo metal type printing. This article also devotes a large length to exploring the origin of seal-characters on the Goryeo coinage by putting the Goryeo coinage in the historical context of Goryeo. It attempts to analyze the background of the Goryeo government's adoption of the practice and the political factors and cultural connotations behind the seal-characters from the historical and cultural perspectives.
Based on the systematic investigation of the above two aspects, this dissertation evaluates the historical status of the Goryeo coinage in the Korean Peninsula. Meanwhile, this article also further zooms up the perspective to assess the Goryeo coinage in the culture circle of East Asian currency. From various aspects, the Goryeo coinage is compared with the coins from China, Japan, Vietnam, and other countries in order to understand and evaluate the historical status of the Goryeo coinage in the monetary culture circle of East Asia.
In short, this article attempts to take into account both traditional numismatics and currency history perspectives. In order to investigate the historical context of the emergence, development, and demise of Goryeo coinage, it not only pays attention to the material objects of currency, but also focuses on the general trend of historical development that combines political, economic, cultural, diplomatic, and other factors comprehensively and systematically. Based on the traditional methods for historical literature textual research, I place the Goryeo coinage in a more comprehensive space-time range of East Asia for an examination and give a relatively systematic exploration of the Goryeo coinage’s casting background, casting situations, circulation situation, system, seal-characters, characteristics, and the casting technology after making full use of the existing achievements of archaeological excavations, by using the research methods and sources of numismatics, from the perspective of connection. This article pays special attention to the perspective of connection. In accordance to a certain historical logic, it establishes connections between those seemingly unrelated historical fragments in a specific space and time and then makes a judgment on them. This article not only overcomes the predicament of the lack of historical sources in the previous studies on Goryeo coinage to some extent, but also surpasses the limitation of the historical perspective on Goryeo; it does not only have supplemented the macroscopic investigation, but also has a greater harvest in the microcosmic analysis.
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