중서부지역 청동기시대 후기 사회의 문화접촉과 문화변동 : 원형점토대토기문화를 중심으로
저자
발행사항
대전: 忠南大學校 大學院, 2021
학위논문사항
학위논문(석사) -- 忠南大學校 大學院 , 고고학과 고고학 전공 , 2021. 8
발행연도
2021
작성언어
한국어
DDC
913 판사항(22)
발행국(도시)
대전
기타서명
Culture Contact and Culture Change of Late Bronze Age Society in Midwest Region: Focused on Round Clay-stripe Pottery Culture
형태사항
133 p.: 삽화; 26 cm.
일반주기명
충남대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호받습니다.
지도교수: 황재훈
참고문헌: p. 114-121
UCI식별코드
I804:25009-000000086507
소장기관
The aim of this study is to analyze the artifacts excavated from the dwellings, pits, and graves of the late Bronze Age society in the midwestern region of Korea and explain the changes in the culture contact pattern and the process of culture change over time.
According to existing studies, it was suggested that the Round Clay-stripe Pottery Culture that migrated to the Korean Peninsula from northeast China formed a conflict with the Yeoksamdong and Songgukri Culture of the indigenous people and hence settled in highlands to avoid the indigenous people. It was believed that the proportion of hunting or gathering would have been high in the early Clay-stripe Pottery Culture society since it would have been difficult to secure arable lands due to the nature of its location in highlands. Accordingly, it was suggested that, in order to solve this problem, the Round Clay-stripe Pottery Culture group alleviated conflicts with the indigenous people mainly conducting paddy rice cultivation through active interactions with them and gradually descended to the lowlands to secure arable land.
However, these suggestions are only hypothetical and have not been empirically reviewed through actual archaeological data. Therefore, in order to verify them, this study divided the late Bronze Age society into three periods and analyzed the changes in the location of settlements, intensity of culture contact, distance between settlements, and subsistence pattern of each location with the passage of time.
First, the locations of the settlements showed an average height above relative height of 58.5m in the first period, 26.8m in the second period, and 24.3m in the third period, confirming a gradual descend from the highlands to the lowlands. The change in the strength of culture contact was determined based on the change in the number of Suseokri-type pottery excavated from the Yeoksamdong and Songgukri Culture settlements. As a result of examining the change, the number of pottery increased from 6 in the first period to 102 in the second period and 137 in the third period, confirming that the intensity of culture contact gradually intensified with time.
To analyze the distance between settlements, it was hypothesized that the number of utilitarian pottery would decrease drastically when they appear at a high frequency in the vicinity of their production site and then are found outside the daily walking distance (15km) from the site. Based on this hypothesis, comparison was made as to the number of Suseokri-type potteries in the Round Clay-stripe Pottery Culture settlements, the Yeoksamdong and Songgukri-type settlements within 15 km distance, and the Yeoksamdong and Songgukri-type settlements beyond 15 km. As a result, the number of Suseokri-type potteries excavated from the Yeoksamdong and Songgukri-type settlements within 15km was found to be greater than that excavated from the settlements beyond 15 km, proving the validity of the hypothesis and confirming that the exchanges between the two cultures took the form of subsistence exchange mainly involving the utilitarian potteries.
Lastly, the subsistence aspect of each location was investigated by conducting a comparative analysis of stone tool assemblage after dividing the settlements into those in highland or high hilly terrain and those in low hilly terrain. As a result, the settlements in highland or high hilly terrain showed high ratio of hunting tools but low ratio of agricultural tools. Meanwhile, the settlements in low hilly terrain showed low ratio of hunting tools but high ratio of agricultural tools. Therefore, it was deduced that the settlements in highland or high hilly terrain operated on a mixed economy that was centered on hunting and gathering, while the settlements in low hilly terrain operated on a mixed economy centered on agriculture. This indicates that the Round Clay-stripe Pottery Culture changed its subsistence economy as it descended from the highlands to the lowlands. Taken together, it was found that culture contact was actively made between the Round Clay-stripe Pottery Culture and the Yeoksamdong and Songgukri-type culture, confirming the existing hypothesis.
Based on these findings, this study traced the process of culture contact and aspects of culture change by period. As a result of analyzing the remains after categorizing their characteristics into types, the change process was confirmed to be types 1 and 2 → types 3 and 4 → types 5 and 7, excluding type 6 Round Clay-stripe Pottery Culture. The process of change in culture contact over time showed that the form of dwellings and graves gradually changed from the Yeoksamdong & Songgukri-type which is local in origin to Suseokri-type which is foreign in origin. The same pattern was also identified in pottery, as the number of foreign Suseokri-type pottery increases significantly over time.
It can be surmised that such process of change increased the intensity of culture contact over time and ultimately leads to culture change. Such culture contact between groups is closely related to the distribution of important resources necessary for survival. For the Round Clay-stripe Pottery Culture, in particular, there must have been a limit to procuring food considering its mixed economy centered on hunting and gathering. Therefore, it appears that this culture group actively made culture contacts with the group of the middle age that cultivated rice plants in the lowlands for it was necessary to secure arable land and exchange rice to overcome such food problem.
However, culture contacts hardly occurred because conflicts between the groups continued and the Round Clay-stripe Pottery Culture settlements were scattered in isolation until the first period. Full-scale culture contacts started from the second period. During this period, cultural contacts became extremely active as the Round Clay-stripe Pottery Culture groups spread to the lowlands and came to border on the settlements of the middle age. Accordingly, type 3 remains including a large number of Suseokri-type potteries appeared in the middle age settlements. As shown in the remains of B district in Gwanchang-ri, Boryeong, the fact that there was a section that handled external trade and served as a public meetinghouse indicates that these groups actively accepted the cultural elements of the Round Clay-stripe Pottery Culture group.
In the third period, culture contacts advanced beyond simple acceptance. Thus, aspects of culture change are observed. The auxiliary facilities of the settlements of the middle age changed from the existing dwellings of local origin to Suseokri-type dwellings of foreign origin. The remains in Daechu-ri, Asan, in particular, confirm that the existing Songgukri-type dwellings were abolished to build Suseokri-type dwellings. In addition, wooden coffin tombs surrounded with piled stones in which Korean-style bronzewares buried as grave goods are found within 1km radius from the remains. This means that the transition to Round Clay-stripe Pottery Culture in the midwestern region is closely related to the emergence of Korean-style bronzewares and that such culture change is primarily connected with socioeconomic changes.
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