新羅의 村과 村民支配에 관한 硏究 : 正倉院 所藏 新羅帳籍을 中心으로 = (A) Study of Silla villages and their administration
저자
발행사항
성남 : 韓國精神文化硏究院, 1993
학위논문사항
학위논문(박사) -- 한국정신문화연구원 한국학대학원 , 한국사일반 , 1993. 8
발행연도
1993
작성언어
한국어
주제어
KDC
911.034 판사항(4)
DDC
951.9 판사항(18)
발행국(도시)
경기도
형태사항
iii, 268 p. : 삽도 ; 26 cm.
일반주기명
지도교수: 강인구
참고문헌:p.263-268.
참고문헌:p.263-268
소장기관
This dissertation is a comprehensive analysis of a fragment of the Silla Village Register which was found in the Shosoin imperial repository in Nara, Japan(1933). The register deals with four representative Unified Silla villages in the modern Chongju area. It is a most detailed and comprehensive record of land, households, population, cows, horses and agricultural produce. This dissertation is written in order to understand villages and villagers in the Unified Silla through an analysis of the register. It consists of five chapters.
The first chapter is a paleographic analysis of the register. The Silla Village Register was believed to date from 815. In having referred to the previous register and the one compiled by the kun, the chu, or province compiled such a register anew every three years. The second chapter deals with the administration and the shape of the village. Unified Silla came into being through a process of territorial expansion, and in order to administer the enlarged national domain it was necessary to create an expanded system of provincial and local government. The basic units of local. administration in the Unified Silla period were the chu or province, the kun or prefecture, and the hyon, or county. The hyon were further a subdivided into villages (ch'on). Villages were brought under such local goverment control. A village headman administered several villages. To serve the state's purposes, village register was prepared for each village which consisted of several hamlets. The diameter of a village was from 2.752 kilometers to 7.354 kilometers. There were peasant dwellings, agricultural lands, low mountains and grazing lands in such a village sphere.
The third chapter examined the household composition and the villagers' movements. The nine grades of household were classified by the land area which they possessed. The figure of census household(計烟) was calculated by indicating the basic measure at the classified grade households. So, taxation was levied according to the economic wealth of each grade of household and the figure for the census household was the standard measure for goverment taxation on the village. The central goverment carried out policies in the political, economical and military fields which were based on the village register, especially, the number of the census household. The existence of such a village register and its management itself will prove that the law ruled the administration in every part of state.
Class structure in Silla was distinctly divided into two groups, the wellborn and the lowborn. Wellborn classes were composed according to the kolp'um system. Villagers were the peasants who belonged to the outcaste and they could not achieve any govermental status. Each village had a population of 115 on the average. Women had a longer life than men. The infant mortality rate was high, but survivors until 3 years old lived to be nearly 50. The villagers' turnover rate was low except fora few uncommon cases. So, villages normally consisted of about ten consanguineous households.
In Silla society, the biggest component of the low-born class was the slave populaton. Slave status. was strictly hereditary, in accordance with a law according a child the status of its parents. Like horses and cattle, slaves were bought and sold. There were more slaves in villages which had a large adult women' population and fewer slaves in villages which had a large adult men'. It means for villagers to possess slaves in order to exploit slave labor.
The fourth chapter deals with the land system. Government officials were paid for their services by allocation of stipend village(綠邑), annual grain grants(祿俸) and office land(官僚田). The stipend village was abolished in 689, and in its place (already in 687) officials were allocated office land and annual grain grants. Neverthless, the stipend village system was revived while annual grain grants were discounted in 757. The revived stipend village system was allocated as the census household unit. Therefore, it can be said that the stipend village system was revived in 757 as a link in a chain of the administration by the law.
Agricultural lands recorded in village documents included several categories of paddy and dry field. Among these fields, the Kwanmojondap (官謨田沓)was the land appropriated to cover the expenses of a census and a land survey. Allotments for the villagers are believed to correspond to the so-called chongjon (丁田) parcels of "able-bodied land" which were first apportioned in 722. But chongjon was not the land that the goverment apportioned for farmer. Farmers had cultivated. the land ancestrally. Government collected the natural household's proprietary rights for land and admit the proprietary rights to kongyon(孔烟), or the composed household.
The fifth chapter examined the tax, corvee, tribute and military service. To levy tax, the government made the nine grade household system and the census household accord to the volume of "able-bodied land" that each villager had. The census household of the register was the basic unit in not only the levy of corvee duty but also taxation in accordance to the area of such paddy lands and dry fields of the grade household. But government did not take any tax from the fallow in the land that villagers possessed. Therefore, it can be said that Silla took the tax, corvee and tribute from villagers according to the volume of "able-bodied land" that each villager culti vated.
Peasants in these villages had obligation to military service. Adult men joined the army or Pobtang(法幢). These peasant armies existed for guarding the frontiers, for the suppression of revolts in local areas and for corvee service.
Silla was a fully equipped state in the administrative structure of the central government, the province and local government, and the military organization. The state was operated by the law and the document. Peasants possessed proprietary rights and had the tax, corvee, tribute and military service obligations. But they did not have the transferable rights like the serf in medieval Europe. Therefore peasants hoped that social change would be carried out.
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