자연형 하천복원을 위한 도시중소하천의 하천자연도 평가에 관한 연구 : 수원천, 학의천, 경안천을 대상으로 = (A) Study on the evaluation of river naturalness for Close-to-river restoration
The purpose of the study is to find out diagnostic assessment standard for recovery of close-to-nature rivers at small and medium sized cities in local. The assessment standard will be analyzed and reviewed to develop assessment standard of river nature suitable to features of small and medium sized rivers in local.
The study was conducted to survey literatures at first and establish definition and concepts of terminology. Thereafter, foreign cases regarding ecological restoration of rivers were studied and also assessment standard of existing nature at home and abroad was analyzed, so that trend of assessment of purposes, items and methods was checked and features, advantages and disadvantages of each assessment standard were surveyed and then applicable items have been found out. Based on the survey, assessment purposes, restoration objectives and control level, etc. have been established as a conceptual frame of standard of the assessment, and furthermore items and unit of the assessment have been found out. The assessment standard has been firstly applied to rivers such as the Suwon River, the Hakui River and the Kyungan River. Based on outcome of the assessment, problems have been comprehensively analyzed and assessment items have been amended and supplemented, so that final assessment has been conducted.
Mainly based on outcome of the final assessment, status, features, problems and opportunities of the three rivers have been studied to make use of the study as a basic material to get restoration idea of close-to-nature river. To let the assessment standard be reasonable and effective, not only comprehensive class but also class distribution by each department has been analyzed regarding the three rivers. Furthermore, their relation with water quality has been studied.
Assessment standard consists of the items, which can be artificially recovered, and is mainly based on physical structure of river environment.
Research ways may be summarized as follows:
To find out assessment standard of river naturalness index, conceptual frame of assessment standard has been established, for which four sections, for example, longitudinal section, lateral section, river bottom structure and river-friendliness, have been selected.
Detailed items of each assessment section have considered concepts of river environment, and furthermore have selected features of each section for concrete concept based on river environment factors.
Longitudinal section includes six items such as waterway's curve, river bottom slope, lateral erosion, longitudinal sand bar, lateral structure, and lateral sand bar. On the other hand, lateral section covers style of lateral section, bank materials, width of water's edge, width of minor bed, upper structure of river, shore improvement, vegetation structure around rivers and use of adjacent land, etc. River bottom structure consists of four items, for example, variety of river bottom quality, river bottom materials, river tail's topographic feature and normal water-level. River-friendliness includes four items, for example, water quality, width of water surface/width of river, use of river and landscape around river. As a result, twenty-one items of four sections in total have been selected.
Assessment unit is based on linear section. In other words, longitudinal section covers 100 meters of regular section unit, while lateral section does four lateral lines within 100 meters of section with 25 meters of interval. By using the way, assessment ratings of both left-hand bank and right-hand bank have taken average values to represent the sections. Quantitative index of assessment standard includes 1 to 5 points, while final river naturalness index does 5 grade systems. In addition, weighted values of each section are same to apply them equally between items within a section,
Outcome of the assessment has been calculated by adding up of each section as well as overall sections. Average of item index has been calculated by each section, while average of those indexes has been done by overall adding up. River naturalness index, which is to be finally displayed on a drawing, has converted each index value to five grades.
Following survey has been conducted to find out outcome of river assessment: survey of surveyed sites, survey of riverside and survey of consecutive photographs with 25 meters of interval.
Following rivers in survey case have been adopted to conduct assessment two times after surveying several times from June 1999 to September 1999: 30 sections of the Suwon River, 25 sections of the Hakui River and 36 sections of the Kyungan River.
Outcome of final assessment has been summarized as follows: Overall river naturalness index of the Suwon River has been distributed at 3rd to 4th grade, and 3.3 of assessment index and mode were 3rd grade respectively. River naturalness index of each section was as follows: Longitudinal section accounted for 3.7 in average to be 4th grade, lateral section did 3.8 to be 4th grade, and river-friendliness did 2.4 to be 2nd grade.
Overall river naturalness index of the Hakui River has been distributed at 3rd to 4th grade, and its assessment index accounted for 3.2 to be 3rd grade, and its mode also did 3rd grade. River naturalness index of each section was as follows: Longitudinal section index accounted for 3.6 in average to be 4th grade, and lateral section index did 3.0 to be 3rd grade, and river bottom structure index did 3.0 to be 3rd grade, and river friendliness index did 2.7 to be 3rd grade.
Overall river naturalness index of the Kyungan River has been distributed at 3rd to 4th grade, and its assessment index accounted for 3.1 to be 3rd grade, and its mode also did 3rd grade. River naturalness index of each section was as follows: Longitudinal section index accounted for 3.2 to be 3rd grade, and river bottom structure index did 3.1 to be 3rd grade, and river friendliness index did 2.6 to be 2nd grade.
To review appropriateness and easiness of assessment standard, not only overall grade distribution but also grade distribution of each grade has been analyzed, and furthermore water quality as well as river naturalness index of overall grade of each river has been analyzed regarding relation with grades. In analysis of overall grade features, use of overall grade of all of rivers were thought to be better than that of mode value of overall grades. Analysis of grade features of each section was thought to explain features of corresponding river of each section in different way, and furthermore was thought to have enough discrimination by each river. In addition, relation between overall grades and water quality of each river has evidenced that there exists a certain degree of relation between overall river naturalness index and water quality.
Analysis of assessment outcome of river naturalness index has checked status, problems and opportunities of corresponding river, so that ways of restoration of structure of close-to-nature river have been suggested by each case of river.
Assessment of river naturalness index of the study provides useful information for restoration of close-to-nature river, and furthermore has its meaning in checking problems and opportunities of each river. In addition, suggested standard is said to be a hypothetical model. To expand and apply assessment standard, not only more cases of rivers but also scopes of various kinds of rivers shall be expanded to conduct follow-up research for continuous improvement of assessment standard. In addition, development of construction method of close-to-nature river, which can meet local requirements based on assessment of the river, shall be also researched.
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