이 연구는 상업스포츠 시설을 이용하여 스포츠활동에 참여하고 있는 성인을 대상으로 스포츠활동 참여종목의 재발견과 성인체육 발전을 위한 기초자료를 얻어, 성인들이 스포츠활동에 효과적으로 참여할 수 있도록 하기 위한 목적으로 이 연구를 수행하였다.
이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 2003년 6월 10일∼7월 20일까지 K도와 D광역시에서 상업스포츠 시설을 이용하는 성인 764명을 연구대상으로 선정하여 첫째, 스포츠활동 참여종목에 따른 스포츠활동 참여실태 둘째, 인구사회학적 특성에 따른 스포츠활동 참여동기 및 참여장애와 참여만족도 셋째, 스포츠활동 참여종목간 스포츠활동 참여동기 및 참여장애와 참여만족도 넷째, 스포츠활동 참여동기 및 참여장애가 참여만족도와 생활만족도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 연구도구로는 선행연구에서 사용된 문항을 기초로 이 연구에 맞게 수정 보완한 후 사용하였으며, 회수된 조사자료는 SAS 프로그램 및 LISREL을 이용하여 전산 처리한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다.
첫째, 스포츠활동 참여종목에 따른 스포츠활동 참여실태를 분석한 결과, 참여기간에서 검도 1년미만과 4년이상, 골프 4년이상, 스포츠댄스와 스쿼시 2년미만, 볼링 4년이상, 수영 2년미만, 테니스 2년미만과 4년이상, 헬스 4년이상에서 높게 나타났으며, 참여정도는 검도 5회, 골프 3∼5회, 스포츠댄스, 수영, 헬스 4∼5회, 볼링 3회, 테니스 3∼4회에서 높게 나타났다. 참여시간은 평균 2시간 이내에서 참여하는 것으로 나타났으며, 검도, 스포츠댄스, 스쿼시, 헬스 1∼2시간, 볼링 2∼3시간, 테니스 3시간이상에서 높게 나타났다. 월 평균 참여경비는 평균 20만원 정도를 지출하는 것으로 나타났으며, 검도와 스쿼시, 스포츠댄스, 수영, 헬스 5∼10만원, 테니스 10∼20만원, 골프 31만원이상에서 높게 나타났다. 참여동기는 건강지향 수영, 헬스, 테니스, 골프, 자기개발 검도, 볼링에서 높게 나타났다. 그러나 사교지향과 가정지향은 낮게 나타났다. 참여장애는 검도 시간적장애와 신체적장애, 골프 경제적장애와 시간적장애, 스포츠댄스 시간적장애와 신체적장애, 수영, 스쿼시, 테니스, 헬스 시간적장애, 골프 경제적장애에서 높게 나타났다. 참여시기는 검도, 스쿼시 저녁, 골프 오전과 오후, 스포츠댄스, 볼링, 수영, 테니스 오후와 저녁, 헬스 저녁과 오전이 높게 나타났으며, 특히, 검도와 스쿼시는 50%이상이 저녁에 참여하는 것으로 나타났다.
둘째, 스포츠활동 참여동기 및 참여장애와 참여만족도를 분석한 결과,
① 인구사회학적 특성에 따른 스포츠활동 참여동기의 지각도 실태에서 참여동기 요인에서는 취미오락형과 건강지향형에서 높게 나타났다. 성별에서 사교지향형, 자기개발형, 취미오락형은 남자, 건강지향형, 가정지향형은 여자가 높게 나타났으며, 건강지향형과 사교지향형에서 차이가 나타났다. 연령에서 건강지향형은 30대, 사교지향형은 50대이상, 자기개발형은 20대, 가정지향형은 40대, 취미오락형은 20대와 30대가 높게 나타났으며, 자기개발형에서 차이가 나타났다. 직업에서 건강지향형은 전문직, 사교지향형은 자영업, 자기개발형은 기타, 가정지향형은 주부, 취미오락형은 전문직이 높게 나타났으며, 건강지향형, 자기개발형, 가정지향형에서 차이가 나타났다. 월 평균소득에서 건강지향형은 100만원미만, 사교지향형은 500만원이상, 자기개발형은 100만원미만, 가정지향형은 400∼500만원, 취미오락형은 100∼200만원이 높게 나타났으며, 자기개발형과 취미오락형에서 차이가 나타났다. 학력에서 건강지향형 전문대학, 사교지향형 고등학교이하, 자기개발형은 4년제대학, 가정지향형 대학원이상, 취미오락형 전문대학이 높게 나타났으며, 건강지향형에서 차이가 나타났다. 결혼 유무에서 건강지향형, 자기개발형, 취미오락형은 미혼, 사교지향형, 가정지향형은 기혼이 높게 나타났으며, 가정지향형에서 차이가 나타났다. 거주지에서 사교지향형, 자기개발형, 가정지향형은 대도시, 취미오락형은 중소도시가 높게 나타났으며, 사교지향형과 취미오락형에서 차이가 나타났다.
② 인구사회학적 특성에 따른 스포츠활동 참여장애의 지각도 실태에서 참여장애 요인에서는 경제적장애와 정보부족이 높게 나타났다. 성별에서 여자가 남자보다 높게 나타났으며, 정보부족, 시설장비부족 및 동반자부재, 경제적장애에서 차이가 나타났다. 연령에서 개인·심리적장애는 30대와 40대, 정보부족은 20대, 시설장비부족 및 동반자부재는 50대이상, 시간적장애는 20대, 경제적장애는 40대가 높게 나타났으며, 시간적장애에서 차이가 나타났다. 직업에서 서비스업이 높게 나타났으며, 모든 요인에서 차이가 나타났다. 월 평균소득에서 개인·심리적장애는 200∼300만원, 500만원이상, 정보부족은 200∼300만원, 시설장비부족 및 동반자부재는 200∼300만원, 시간적장애는 100만원미만, 경제적장애는 500만원이상이 높게 나타났으며, 개인·심리적장애에서 차이가 나타났다. 학력에서 모든 요인에서 대학원이상의 학력에서 높게 나타났으며, 개인·심리적장애에서 차이가 나타났다. 결혼 유무에서 정보부족, 시설장비부족 및 동반자부재, 시간적장애는 미혼, 경제적장애는 기혼이 높게 나타났으며, 시간적장애에서 차이가 나타났다. 거주지에서 대도시가 중소도시보다 높게 나타났으며, 개인·심리적장애, 시설장비부족 및 동반자부재, 시간적장애, 경제적장애에서 차이가 나타났다.
③ 인구사회학적 특성에 따른 스포츠활동 참여만족의 지각도 실태에서 참여만족 요인에서는 신체적만족과 심리적만족이 높게 나타났다. 성별에서 남자가 여자보다 높게 나타났으며, 모든 요인에서 차이가 나타났다. 연령에서 심리적만족, 환경적만족, 신체적만족, 교육적만족은 20대, 사회적만족은 50대이상이 높게 나타났으며, 20대는 모든 요인에서 높게 나타났다. 직업에서 심리적만족, 교육적만족, 사회적만족은 전문직, 환경적만족은 공무원, 신체적만족은 기타가 높게 나타났으며, 심리적만족과 신체적만족에서 차이가 나타났다. 월 평균소득에서 심리적만족, 환경적만족, 교육적만족, 사회적만족은 100∼200만원, 신체적만족은 100만원미만이 높게 나타났으며, 환경적만족과 교육적만족에서 차이가 나타났다. 학력에서 심리적만족은 4년제대학, 대학원이상, 환경적만족, 신체적만족, 교육적만족은 4년제대학, 사회적만족은 대학원이상이 높게 나타났으며, 결혼 유무에서는 미혼이 기혼보다 높게 나타났다. 거주지에서 심리적만족, 교육적만족, 사회적만족은 대도시, 환경적만족, 신체적만족은 중소도시가 높게 나타났다.
셋째, 스포츠활동 참여종목간 스포츠활동 참여동기 및 참여장애와 참여만족도를 분석한 결과,
① 스포츠활동 참여종목간 스포츠활동 참여동기에 대한 지각도 실태에서 취미오락형과 건강지향형이 높게 나타났으며, 가정지향형은 매우 낮게 나타났다. 종목간에는 건강지향형은 수영, 사교지향형은 테니스, 자기개발형은 테니스, 가정지향형은 스쿼시, 취미오락형은 검도에서 높게 나타났으며, 모든 요인에서 차이가 나타났다.
② 스포츠활동 참여종목간 스포츠활동 참여장애에 대한 지각도 실태에서 경제적장애와 정보부족이 높게 나타났다. 종목간에는 개인·심리적장애, 정보부족, 시설장비부족 및 동반자부재는 스쿼시, 시간적장애는 스포츠댄스, 경제적장애는 골프에서 높게 나타났으며, 모든 요인에서 차이가 나타났다.
③ 스포츠활동 참여종목간 스포츠활동 참여만족에 대한 지각도 실태에서 신체적만족과 심리적만족이 높게 나타났다. 종목간에는 심리적만족은 테니스, 환경적만족, 교육적만족, 사회적만족은 검도, 신체적만족은 헬스에서 높게 나타났으며, 특히, 검도는 전반적으로 참여만족이 아주 높게 나타났다.
넷째, 스포츠활동 참여동기 및 참여장애가 참여만족도와 생활만족도에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과,
참여동기와 참여장애에 미치는 직접효과에서 참여동기는 건강지향형, 사교지향형, 자기개발형, 가정지향형, 취미오락형에서 직접적인 영향이 높게 미치며, 참여장애는 개인·심리적장애, 정보부족, 시설장비부족 및 동반자부재, 시간적장애, 경제적장애에서 직접적인 영향이 높게 나타났다. 그러나 참여장애는 관찰변수인 취미오락형에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 참여만족도와 생활만족도가 관찰변수에 미치는 영향에서 참여만족도는 환경적만족, 신체적만족, 교육적만족, 사회적만족에서 영향력이 높게 나타났다. 참여동기, 참여장애와 참여만족도, 생활만족도의 인과관계에서는 참여동기가 참여만족도에 직접적인 영향을 미치며, 참여장애는 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 참여만족도와 생활만족도의 인과관계에서 참여만족도는 생활만족도에 높은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.
이상과 같이 이 연구의 결론을 종합해 볼 때, 인구사회학적 특성과 스포츠활동 참여종목에 따른 참여동기와 참여장애, 참여만족도에는 차이가 있었으며, 스포츠활동 참여동기가 높으면 참여만족도가 높아지며, 참여만족도가 높으면 생활만족도 역시 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 참여장애가 높으면 참여만족도에는 부적인 영향을 주어 참여만족도는 낮아지며 상대적으로 생활만족도 역시 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 영향으로 인구사회학적 특성과 스포츠활동 참여종목에 따른 참여동기와 참여장애는 스포츠활동 참여만족도와 생활만족도에 직접적인 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to rediscover some proper participation items in sport activities and to obtain basic material for the development of adult physical training aiming at the adults who has participated in sport activities by use of commercial sport facilities so that they can effectively participate in sport activity by making use of that material. For that, during the period of Jun 10∼July 20, 2003, the researcher conducted a survey of the following items on 764 adults utilizing commercial sport facilities located in K-do and D metropolitan city: First, the actual conditions of participation in sport activity according to the participation items; Second, a participation motive and obstacle, and a degree of satisfaction according to the demo-sociological characteristics; Third, a participation motive & obstacle, and a degree of satisfaction, by the participation items in sport activities; Fourth, an influence of a participation motive and obstacle on a degree of participation satisfaction and of life satisfaction. As a research tool, some question items of the preceding researches were used with some modification and complement, and then the collected survey material was analyzed by use of SAS program and LISREL, the findings weil as follows.
First, the analysis of actual conditions of participation in sport activities according to the participation items,
The participation period was mainly under 1 year and over 4 years for swordsmanship, under 2 years for sport dancing and squash tennis, over 4 years for bowling, under 2 years for swimming, under 2 and over 4 years for tennis, over 4 years for Health, and the frequency of participation was mainly 5 times for swordsmanship, 3∼5 times for golf, 4∼5 times for sport dancing, swimming and Health, 3 times for bowling, 3∼4 times for tennis. The average participation time was mainly not more than 2 hours, and 1∼2 hours for swordsmanship, sport dancing, squash tennis, and Health, 2∼3 hours for bowling, and over 3 hours for tennis. In expense a month, it's found that the whole average was about 200,000 won, concretely 50,000∼100,000 won for swordsmanship, squash tennis, sports dancing, swimming and Health, 100,000∼200,000 won for tennis, and over 310,000 won for golf. A participation motive was mainly their Health promotion for swimming, Health, tennis and golf, and a self-development for swordsmanship and bowling, but the motives of social relationships-oriented and family-oriented factors were low in response rate. A participation obstacle was time & physical limitation for swordsmanship, economical & time limitation for golf, time & physical limitation, time limitation for swimming, squash tennis, tennis, Health, and economical limitation for golf. A participation time in a day was the evening for swordsmanship and squash tennis, the morning and afternoon for golf, the afternoon and evening for sport dancing, bowling, tennis, and the morning and evening for Health, especially over 50% of the subjects had gone there in the evening for swordsmanship and squash tennis.
Second, the analysis of a participation motive and obstacle and of a degree of satisfaction,
① In perception degree survey of a participation motive in sport activities according to the demo-sociological characteristics, it's found that the participation motive factor was mainly pastime-oriented type and health-oriented one, In analysis by sex, it was social relationships-oriented type, pastime-oriented type, for men, while it was mainly health-oriented type, family-oriented type, for women, with a difference appearing in health-oriented and social relationships-oriented factor.
In age, it was health-oriented type for the thirties, social relationships-type for over the fifties, self-development type for their twenties, family-oriented type for their forties, and pastime type for their twenties and thirties, with a difference appearing in self-development type. In profession, the participation motive factor was health-oriented type for the professional, social relationships-oriented type for self-supporting profession, self-development type for the others, family-oriented type for housewife, pastime type for the professional, with a difference appearing in health-oriented type, self-development type, and family-oriented type. Monthly average income was mainly under 1 million won for health-oriented type, over 5 millions won for social relationships-oriented one, under 1 million won for self-development type, 4∼5 millions won for family-oriented type, 1∼2 millions won for pastime type, with a difference appearing in self-development type and hobby amusement type. Academic background was mainly college for health-oriented type, under high school for social relationships-oriented type, university for self-development type, over graduate course for family-oriented type, and college for pastime type, with a difference appearing in health-oriented type. In whether or not of marriage, they were mainly single for health-oriented type, self-development type and pastime type, and they are mostly marriage persons for social relationships-oriented type and family-oriented type, with a difference appearing in family-oriented type.
Their place of residence was mainly large city for social relationships-oriented type, self-development one, and family-oriented type, but it was small & medium -sized city for pastime type with a difference in social relationships -oriented type and pastime one.
② From the analysis of a perception degree of participation obstacle according to the demo-sociological characteristics, it's found that the main obstacle factors were economical limitation and poor information. In analysis by sex, a degree of perception was higher for women than that for men, and there was a difference appearing in perception of poor information, facility, absence of partner, economical limitation. Obstacle factors by age were individual·psychological obstacle for their thirties and forties, poor information for their twenties, absence of family & equipment and of partner for over their fifties, time limitation for their twenties, and economical limitation for their forties, with a difference appearing in time limitation. The component ration of their professions was high in service job with a difference in all the factors. Monthly average income was 2∼3 millions won and over 5 millions won for the persons with individual·psychological obstacle, 2∼3 millions won for the ones with poor information, 2∼3 millions won for poor facility equipment and absence of partner, under 1 million won for the ones with time limitation, and over 5 millions won for the ones with economical limitation with a difference appearing in individual·psychological obstacle. In academic background, all the factors were high for the one over graduate course, there was a difference in individual·psychological obstacle. In whether or not of marriage, they were mainly singles for the persons with poor information, absence of facility equipment and partner, and time limitation, and were married for the persons with economical obstacle, and there was a difference appearing in time limitation. In analysis by place of residence, the perception degree was higher for large city than for small & medium-sized city, and there was a difference appearing in individual·psychological obstacle, absence of facility equipment and partner, time limitation and economical limitation.
③ In analysis of a perception degree of participation satisfaction according to the demo-sociological characteristics, it's found that the participation satisfaction factors were mainly physical satisfaction and psychological one. A perception degree was higher for men than that for women, there was a difference in all the factors. In analysis by age, a degree of psychological, economical, physical, and educational satisfaction was high for their twenties, a degree of social satisfaction was high for over their fifties, and their twenties showed high satisfaction in all the factors. In profession, the persons with the professionals showed high psychological, educational, and social satisfaction, environmental satisfaction was high for public servants, a physical satisfaction was high for the others, and there was a difference in psychological satisfaction and physical one.
In analysis of monthly average income, psychological, environmental, educational, social satisfaction was high for the persons with 1∼2 millions won, physical satisfaction was high for the ones with under 1 million won, with a difference appearing in environmental satisfaction and educational one. In academic background, psychological satisfaction was high for the persons with academic background of university or graduate course, environmental, physical, educational satisfaction was high for the persons with university one, and social satisfaction was high for the ones with over graduate course background. In whether or not of marriage, the persons who were single showed higher satisfaction than the ones who got married. In addition, the persons who had lived in large city, showed higher psychological, educational, social satisfaction, and in case of environmental, physical satisfaction, the persons living in small medium-sized city showed higher satisfaction.
Third, the results of analysis of participation motive and obstacle and of satisfaction degree by the participation items.
① In analysis of a perception degree of participation motive by participation items, it's found that a perception degree of participation motive was high for pastime type and health-oriented type, and very low for family-oriented one. In analysis by items, Health-oriented type was high for swimming, social relationships -oriented type for tennis, self-development type for squash tennis, pastime type for swordsmanship, and there was a difference in all the factors.
② In analysis of a perception degree of participation obstacle by the participation items, economical limitation and poor information were high as obstacle component. In case of the participation items, it's found that obstacle factors were mainly individual·psychological obstacle, poor information, absence of facility equipment & partner for squash tennis, time limitation for sport dancing, economical limitation for golf, and there was a difference in all the factors.
③ In analysis of a perception degree of participation satisfaction by the participation items, it's found that they showed a high degree of physical, psychological satisfaction, concretely psychological satisfaction was high for tennis, environmental, educational, social satisfaction were high for swordsmanship, and physical satisfaction was high for Health, especially the participants of swordsmanship showed very high degree of satisfaction.
Fourth, from the analysis of influence of participation motive and obstacle on the degree of satisfaction of participation & life, it's found that participation motive had high influence for health-oriented type, social relationship-oriented type, self-development type, family-oriented one, pastime type, and participation obstacle had influence for individual·psychological obstacle, poor information and facility, absence of partner, time limitation and economical limitation. However, participation obstacle had a negative influence for pastime type, an observation variable. In analysis of a degree of satisfaction of participation and life on the observation variable, a degree of satisfaction had high influence for an environmental. physical, educational, social satisfaction. In case of casual relationship between a participation motive & obstacle and a degree of satisfaction of participation and life, a participation motive had direct influence on a degree of participation satisfaction, and a participation obstacle had negative one on it. A casual relationship between a degree of satisfaction of participation and that of life, the latter had high influence on a degree of satisfaction of life.
When putting these findings together, it's judged that there weil a difference in a participation motive obstacle and a degree of satisfaction according to the demo-sociological characteristics and the participation items, the higher a participation desire was, the higher a degree of satisfaction was also, which might result in an increased degree of life. Furthermore, a high participation obstacle had negative influence on a degree of satisfaction of participation, which might result in a decreased degree of satisfaction of participation and also of life relatively. With these influence, it seemed that the demo-sociological characteristic, the participation items, a participation motive & obstacle had direct influence on a degree of participation and life.