朝鮮後期 僧傳과 寺誌의 編纂 硏究 = (A) Study about the Writings of Buddhists' Biographies and Buddhist Temple History during the late Chosen Dynasty
저자
발행사항
서울 : 동국대학교 대학원, 2002
학위논문사항
발행연도
2002
작성언어
한국어
주제어
KDC
911.057 판사항(4)
발행국(도시)
서울
형태사항
5, 120p. ; 26cm.
DOI식별코드
소장기관
It is a very interesting and curious fact that the Korean historical society was less interested about the late Chosen buddhist history than any other historical fields. The first reason is that Korean historians regard the religion history as a very peculiar section which is so susceptive in the Korean multi-religion society that the historians have escaped from their historical researching. The second reason is the suppressive policy in the early Chosen Dynasty which caused not so much interesting to the historians in this field. Because of these facts, the early Chosen Buddhist history has a few historical researching members and papers. Some earlier historical Researching in this part is focused on the buddhist's patriotic activities during the Japanese Invasion(壬辰倭亂) and regarded these actions as Nationalistic Buddhism(護國佛敎). Others did on the relationship and communication between confucianists and buddhists. Based on confucianists' public historical writings, buddhists tried to obtain the reconciliation and compromise of confucianists and the Court because, at that time, confucianism controled all the kingdom. Until now, there are not deeper historical interpretations in this part.
But, From the Japanese Invasion, I think, the Chosen Dynasty Buddhism struggled to obtain its identity. Firstly, Buddhist monks have rebuilt their temples because their building had been fired and destroyed by the Japanese Invasion. Specially these projects began after the Invasion. And they started writing Buddhists' Biographies(僧傳) and Buddhist Temple History(寺誌). These projects have tried to rebuild the Chosen Buddhism. These Books focused on the special buddhist building construction history and high revered buddhist monks in that time. These books is so much lauded that some special and critical historical inspection is needed. For example, in order to enhance temple's historical dates, these books used incorrectly a very well-known historical books, Samgukusa(三國遺事).
Jungkan Haean(中觀 海眼)'s Keumsansa(金山寺).Hwaeumsa(華嚴寺).Daedunsasajeugi(大芚寺事蹟) were typical of these writing styles. In these books, Ado(阿度) had founded these temples. And founding dates were on the very unhistorical bases. Although these books had tried to find the exact founding dates, there were not very much proper for after-ages historians. But his books had exactly documented in his days' difficultly about the Japanese Invasion, and specially did, at that time, buddhism's suppression under confucian-oriented society. Although some people said these books were very "fictional" and so could not be regarded original historical documents, but, without these books, I think, we never could not understand older buddhist temple histories because there were not any historical books in this field and this writer's description in the difficulty of his writing days was precious documents for the social historians. After all, Jungkan Haean's buddhist temple documents books had very important meaning in the following two points. Firstly, he strived to enhance Chosen buddhism and its Identity. Secondly, the books were the writing model cases for next temple historians.
It had been passed about 180 years since Jungkan Haean's writing about temple history that a well-known temple history, Daedunsaji(大芚寺志) published, which was very important book because the book was reflecting well about the late Chosen's ideology and thought at that time and buddhist's self-reliance nationalistic historical writings. The editor was a well-known versatile intellectual writer, Dasan Jeong Yark-yong(茶山, 丁若鏞) who was exiled in the Dadunsa temple(大芚寺) and Mandueksa temple(萬德寺). In there, he taught poetry and confucian philosophy to the buddhist monks. Although he did not write directly the temples's histories, he might have instructed how to write the books because these books resembled in his writing style and his multi-scale documentary researching. After the Japanese Invasion, national history writings affected in the buddhist history. These editors criticized Jungkan Haean's Daedunsasajeugi, Jukmegee(大芚寺事蹟, 竹迷記) errors in the writings. And they wrote again more exactly. They laboured to write the correct history about the temple's origin and the ancient Korean buddhist history. Also they wrote the importance of Daedunsa because this temple reserved the famous buddhist monk, Sersan(西山大師)'s remains, and so temple status was enhanced into higher one. Therefore, they said this temple was a center of the Buddhist philosophy and lecture. Their editing could be regarded as Korean buddhism identity seeking and rebuilding struggle of Chosen's buddhism. this labour succeeded into, their well-known disciple, buddhist Buemhae GarkAn(梵海, 覺岸)'s writing about of Buddhists' Biographies.
For example, Jeong Yarkyong's Daedongsengyogo(大東禪敎考) and Han Chi-youn(한치윤)'s Haedongrurksa(海東繹史) and Seurkjii(釋志) were the documents about the buddhism of Ancient Korean and Goryo Dynasty(高麗王朝). Among these books, Daedongsengyogo was the critical history one about the ancient Korean buddhism, which was based on a famous ancient historical book, Samguksagi(三國史記). Jeong Yark-young had so much diverse informations about ancient history and geography that he could not only correct the authoritative Samguksagi's uncorrect writings about ancient Korean buddhism but also criticize the unfair Shilla(新羅)-oriented writing style of three ancient kingdoms. Also, he laboured to assemble and systemize the historical documents about the ancient well-known buddhists based on the Chinese Seoungjeon(僧傳) and Chaeyoung(采永)'s edited Buljowonryu(佛祖源流). Han Chi-yun(韓致奫) edited Seurkjii(釋志). This book was based on the Chinese and the Japanese documents writings about Korean Buddhist history. The history book had an important meaning in the two aspects. The first was his historical vision about writing general history. He included buddhist history within general history. Also he introduced Chosen buddhist culture and tradition to China. There was one more important fact to remember his achievement in these fields. Although he was a confucian and at that time, confucianism was the official ideology in this dynasty, he had the courage to have finished in this buddhist historical book. Although confucianists never considered buddhism as the important philosophy, they tried to put Korean buddhists tradition into the part of Korean general history.
Dongsayeuljeon(東師列傳) was the buddhist biographies from ancient Korean until 19th century. He tried to collect each buddhist's document at that time, and so their documents had a limited scale because all the buddhists in this book was only about Daedunsa temple's buddhists. But this book symbolized the general history about Korean buddhism from its thought, its belief to its spreading. Buddhist Buemhae GarkAn, this book's editor, deplored the dominant trend at that time when Korean buddhists sought their interesting in the foreign dynasty buddhism such as Indian and Chinese's instead of our country's buddhism prosperity times. He criticized Chaeyoung(채영)'s Seryujounghwahaedongbulljowonrue(西域中華海東佛祖源流: the Origines of Western and China and Eastern Buddhism and their founders) was oriented toward Indian and Chinese buddhism and his book had many uncorrect mistakes. His freewheeling historical writing style was very different from the older book which followed after the Chinese writing style. Its contents was based on Chosen Dynasty's legitimate buddhism history. This writing and editing style is like that the late Chosen historical writing attitude, which said Chinese and Korean history are equal. Between the change vision about China and the effects of a bibliographical study of Chinese classics(考證學) had driven Chosen historians into nationalist-oriented historical approaches. It was this historical writing style, I think, that pragmatist Dasan Jeong Yark-yong and Han Chi-yun tried to rebuild nationalistic Korean history.
Finally, these historical writers about Buddhists' Biographies and Buddhist Temples' History during the late Chosen Dynasty struggled to obtain national prides through accomplishing these projects successfully under unfriendly confucian-oriented Ideology society. The Court and high class society was never tolerable in these writing activities. Also buddhist monks endured not only all kinds of forced labour but also the subsistence in all their lives. Nevertheless, they struggled to rebuild Korean buddhist history, and then sought national identity in this field. Although there were only a few related documents remained, they never threw away this noble dream, and finally it came true.
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