Stabilized Democracy in Mongolia in 2005

국문 초록 (Abstract)

몽골은 1992년 민주헌법을 제정한 이래 이 헌법에 기초하여 4번의 국회의원 선거와 4번의 대통령 선거를 평화적이고 안정적으로 치렀다. 1992년 총선에서는 빠른 변화에 대한 국민의 의구심 때문에 구 소련체제하의 집권층이던 MPRP가 다수당이 되었지만, 이어 좀 더 나은 외국인 투자와 경제환경 개선을 원하던 국민은 1993년 대선과 1996년 총선에서 민주연합의 손을 들어주었다. 그러나 몽골 국민은 민주연합의 정권의 실정과 부패를 냉정히 심판하여 97년 대선과 2000년 총선에서는 다시 MPRP에게 정권을 담당하게 하였다. 그리고 2004년의 총선에서는 두 그룹에 균등하게 표를 주어 연립내각을 탄생시켰다.
이렇게 정권이 평화적으로 두 번이나 교체된 것은 절차적 민주주의가 확립된 형태로 볼 수 있다. 그러나 민주주의의 공고화를 위해서는 이 외에도 정치질서의 제도화와 시민사회의 활성화, 그리고 언론의 자유 및 경제적 불평등의 해소 등의 과제가 해결되어야 한다. 몽골은 짧은 민주주의와 자본주의 경제의 역사 속에 아직 이러한 문제들이 남아있지만, 민주주의 발전에 심각하게 위협을 줄 만한 요소는 없다고 할 수 있다. 군과 경찰이 민간정부에 의해 통제되고 있으며, 모든 그룹이 민주적 게임의 룰을 받아들이고 있다. 정치인들도 헌법의 틀을 준수하고 있으며, 국민들은 경제적으로 어려운 가운데서도 민주주의와 자본주의 틀을 확고히 지지하고 있다. 따라서 몽골은 큰 도전 없이 민주주의 공고화 단계로 이행하고 있다고 평가할 수 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Since establishing a democratic constitution in 1992, Mongolia has experienced peaceful transfers of power in four parliamentary elections and four presidential elections. Mongolian people who wanted stable progress toward a more democratic and capitalist society gave the power to the MPRP, which had been the ruling group under the communist regime, in the 1992 parliamentary election. Expecting faster improvement of economic conditions, the citizens swung the pendulum of power back toward the Democratic Coalition in 1996.
The citizens were strict in judging the performance of the Democratic Coalition government, not giving the power to one group for a long time. Unsatisfied with the governance of the Democrats, they chose the President from the MPRP in 1997 and gave the majority seat to the MPRP in the 2000 parliamentary election. In 2004, after experiencing the governance of both groups for 14 years, the citizens chose a balanced government. During this process, there have been two periods of co-habitation: 1993-1996 and 1997-2000. Such peaceful and stabilized transfers of power show that procedural democracy has reached Mongolia.
At the next stage, Mongolia needs to proceed to the level of consolidated democracy, where democracy becomes the only game in town, and the democratic culture expands to other social sectors. Although Mongolia has some problems, such as corruption in the government institutions, the media controlled by the government, and economic inequality, there are no critical problems challenging democracy. The military has been excluded from the political arena, and there is no group seeking to overturn the democratic rules of the game. People in power follow constitutional rules, and citizens support democracy even in the face of economic hardship. Considering all these features in Mongolia, we may expect a beeline path to consolidated democracy and its successful adoption in the near future.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. Introduction
• Ⅱ. Establishing Procedural Democracy : Transfers of Power Since 1990
• Ⅲ. Factors Contributing To or Harmful For Democratic Consolidation
• Ⅳ. Conclusion
• References
• (要約文)
• (Abstract)

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