地图的知识生产与殖民视角下清朝时期中外地图绘制比较研究—兼论涉西藏地图

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Within the historical context of the transmission of Western surveying and cartographic techniques to China and their interaction with traditional Chinese mapping practices, this study examines cartography in the Qing dynasty as a significant form of knowledge production closely intertwined with Western colonial expansion. By comparing official Qing mapping activities with foreign exploratory surveys, the paper analyzes how cartographic practices were embedded in distinct political objectives and epistemological frameworks. Focusing on maps of Xizang, the study demonstrates that Western cartography in the region was not a purely scientific endeavor but was deeply associated with colonial strategic interests. Through scientific surveying, boundary demarcation, and the construction of spatial narratives aligned with Eurocentric perspectives, Western powers sought to legitimize geopolitical intervention and expand colonial influence. Such cartographic production contributed to the formation of a lasting “colonial legacy” in spatial cognition and international discourse. In contrast, Qing official mapping activities in Xizang were conducted within the administrative and jurisdictional framework of a unified multiethnic state, reflecting the exercise of effective governance and the consolidation of national sovereignty over frontier regions. The comparative analysis reveals that differences in mapping technologies and purposes were fundamentally linked to divergent political intentions: while Western colonial mapping served expansionist ambitions, Qing cartography embodied the state’s efforts to safeguard territorial integrity and assert sovereign authority. This study argues that maps in the Qing period functioned simultaneously as instruments of governance and as tools of colonial power projection. By situating cartographic knowledge within the broader structure of Western colonialism, the paper underscores the entanglement of knowledge production, imperial ambition, and sovereignty in the history of modern cartography.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

本文基于西方测绘技术传入对中国传统地图绘制技术的冲击与融合此绘图技术“东西方大错位”的历史背景，探讨清朝时期中外地图绘制的知识生产与殖民主义关联，特别是在涉西藏地图绘制差异方面。研究发现，地图不仅是地理信息载体，更是知识、权力与文化交织的产物，在殖民时期深刻烙印着殖民主义痕迹，殖民者利用地图进行科学划界、制造“殖民遗产”并传播“西方中心论”，而通过进一步比较清朝官方与外国探险家在西藏的测绘活动，表现了殖民者和殖民地人民在绘图技术、绘制目的差异背后的关于领土完整和主权独立的博弈与交锋。