고대 동아시아 해적의 개념과 후삼국시대 해상세력에 대한 시론 -능창의 사례를 중심으로- = An Essay on the Concept of Ancient East Asian Haejeok(海賊, Pirates) and the Maritime Power in the Later Three Kingdoms Period -Focusing on the Case of Neugchang(能昌)-

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this article, after reviewing the concept of ‘Haejeok(海賊, Pirates)’ as a criterion for recording or not recording in ancient East Asia, I tried to find out why he was recorded as ‘Haejeok’ by applying the concept to the case of Neungchang(能昌). The summary is as follows.
In the case of the ancient East Asia and West, pirates were active as ‘armed robber groups’ at a time when there were many trading ships that could be targeted, in other words the international trade was active, or the state power to crack down on them was weak. Looking at the ancient Chinese ‘Haejeok’ seen in Chinese official history, it can be said that most of the historical ‘Haejeok’ appeared as an object of suppression and often showed direct opposition to state power. The state power's defining them as ‘Jeok(賊)’ has an aspect of ‘Jeok=robber’ as in the conventional interpretation, but the aspect of ‘Jeok=rebel’ was stronger than ‘Jeok=robber’.
Reviewing the historical records related to Neungchang, Haejeok, which refers to him, emphasized the meaning of the rebel rather than the robber. It was the same even in the case of the same historical records, Goryeosa(高麗史, The history of Goreyo), and the case of Baekje’s Haejeok at the same time. In the end, he was recorded as ‘Haejeok’ not because he was an armed robber group on the sea, but because a rebel to Taejo(太祖) Wang Geon(王建).

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 신호철, "후백제 견훤정권 연구" 일조각 1993
• 2 앵거스 컨스텀, "해적의 역사" 가람기획 2002
• 3 권덕영, "재당신라인사회연구" 일조각 2005
• 4 강봉룡, "왕건의 제해권 장악과 고려 건국 및 후삼국 통일" 호남사학회 (75) : 35-60, 2019
• 5 강봉룡, "압해도의 번영과 쇠퇴" 18 : 2000
• 6 권덕영, "신라하대 서남해 지역의 해적과 호족" 41 : 2006
• 7 정청주, "신라말‧고려초의 나주호족" 14 : 1991
• 8 권덕영, "신라 하대 서‧남해 海賊과 張保皐의 해상활동" (재)장보고기념사업회 (창간) : 2002
• 9 文秀鎭, "고려건국기의 나주세력" 4 : 1987
• 10 김갑동, "高麗王朝의 成立과 郡縣制의 變化" 35 : 1992
• 11 姜鳳龍, "羅末麗初 王建의 西南海地方 掌握과 그 背景" 21 : 2003
• 12 송영대, "後三國時代의 水軍 운용과 주요 水戰 및 水路 활용 검토" 한국고대사탐구학회 (38) : 211-256, 2021
• 13 김명진, "太祖王建의 나주 공략과 압해도 능창 제압" 도서문화연구원 (32) : 273-327, 2008
• 14 鄭廣南, "中國海盜史" 華東理工大學出版社 1998
• 15 변동명, "9세기 前半 武州 西南海地域의 海上勢力" 고려사학회 (57) : 43-83, 2014
• 16 구산우, "10세기 인물 열전 -쇠유리부터 능창까지 후삼국22인의 삶-" 푸른역사 2002