日帝强占期 唐津地域 民族運動 硏究

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Danjin located on the northwest of Chungcheongnam-do belongs to Nepo cultural area lying in the west of the Charyeong mountains. In addition, it is located north while adjacent to Yesan, Hongseong, and Seosan. Hongseong inside Nepo district got the limelight as a central place of politics and Yesan grew as an emerging commercial city in the process of modernization. Seosan, having jurisdiction over 20 myeons, was getting a reputation as a farming & fishing county which covered the largest dimension in Chungcheongnam-do.
However, Dangjin was scanty in general circumstances, such as dimensions, population, and products, etc.
Fortunately, the waterway was formed to be linked to Incheon by way of the Sapgyo Stream and Asan Bay, and people at Dangjin carried manpower and supplies to Incheon via this seaway. Dangjin attemted at modernization using such marine transportation and also promoted its development. However, reversely, Dangjin once suffered troubles of being degenerated to the butt of land seizure by a man of power. The consciousness of struggle shown by the people at Dangjin, who spread the racial movement in the Japanese ruling period, can be the products of learning and suffering obtained through this seaway.
Geographically, Dangjin is dualized between the axis centering Dangjin-eup and Hapdeok-eup. These two districts have a lot of differences in the composition of economy, the structure of their settlement, and the same family village. Dangjin-eup developed its agricultural structure of self-sufficiency, and scattered villages centering on hilly districts neither a mountain nor a field, and it has a village of the same family. Every clan had a village school to spread education centering on the children of the same clan, and on the basis of such a Confusion atmosphere, they developed "Manse"[hurrah] movement during the Japanese ruling period.
In contrast, there were a lot of plains at Hapdeok district and its constituent members formed a commoner-centered village having different family names. Moreover, there was a wide gap between the rich and the poor. A majority of farmers didn't have their own land as tenant farmers having to worry about feeding themselves. Such a topographical characteristic of Dangjin worked as a background exposing dualistic aspects in the process of Dangjin's racial movement in the Japanese ruling period.
The prelude to Dangjin's racial movement during the Japanese ruling period was the Samil Independence Movement in 1919. The Samil Movement at Dangjin caused an uprising at almost all areas of Dangjin-gun from March 10 until April 13. Residents at Dangjin developed Hurrah demonstration at a marketplace, and in the night, they went up to a mountain to have a beacon light demonstration. The the representative uprising of the Samil Movement at Dangjin is exemplified by Manse movement by Myeoncheon Public Common school students and the Cheonui marketplace Manse Movement by the residents at Dahoji. The Manse movement by Myeoncheon Public Common school students occurring on March 10 wasn't a great success. The prime movers, Won, Yongeun and Park, Changshin were incarcerated in the Gongju prison for about 4 months and they got a hard time of being dismissed from school. However, it was the first student-led demonstration in the process of the Samil Movement in Chungnam District, which has a great historical significance in that it had a great influence on other districts.
The most representative one of the Samil Movement at Dangjin district is the Daehoji Samil Movement. Daehoji-myeon, located northwest of Dangjin, was a remote village. However, this district was where the villages of the same families were formed over several places and Confucianism was educated by building a lot of village schools including "Dohouisook" at Doie-ri. The Confucian scholars with such a background went up to Seoul to participate in the funeral ceremony for King Gojong. They returned to Daehoji from Seoul where they came to hand Taekeukgi (the national flag of Korea) and the Declaration of Independence, and afterwards, they planned for the Manse Movement by organizing a gathering for its promotion together with other Confucian scholars from Dohouisook. At the gathering for developing the Samil Movement at Daehoji, Confucian scholars including Han, Wunseok, and its township workers led by the chief of the township joined. Thus, they developed the Manse Movement at Cheonui-ri, Jeongmi-myeon where 4 or 5-day market was held, which was a large-scale Manse struggle staged by the crowd up to about 1,000. The major suppression by the Japanese Empire was begun from the break of day on the next day, and Song, Bongwoon became the first victim. Since then, hundreds of people were arrested by the Japanese Empire's search, resulting in a total of 198 people's suffering a severe pain-3 people dying for their country, 39 for penal servitude, 88 for getting 90 lashes and 68 for acquittal, etc.
The Daehoji Samil Movement has some characteristics when compared to the developmental process of the Samil Movement at Chungnam District.
First, the Daehoji Samil Movement has an ideological characteristic in which there appeared the community spirit of the same-family-village, Confucian ideas acquired from traditional village schools like Dohouisook, and the idea of anti-Japan & country-rescuing idea based on exclusion-of-the Japanese theory advocated by Cheondogyo in combination. Second, The participants in the Daehoji Samil Movement included almost all residents ranging from their 10s to 60s, and this movement was an organizational demonstrational resistance led by Confucian scholars and township office clerks together with the joining of almost all farming bracket. Particularly, it is also characteristic in that the chief of the township took the lead in that demonstration. Daehojin-myeon was neither an industrialized one nor a developed place for politics and culture. Moreover, it was no more than a highly ordinary and sleepy myeon in the country, still less advanced transportation.
Thus, the fact that all residents joined the Manse demonstration under the command of the chief of township is enough to prove that the modernity of colonial rule ,which the Japanese empire has beautified, is only a fiction.

After the Samil Movement was done, students and intellectual began to think of its failure. They saw the reason for its failure as the absence of an organization. Thus, they came to organize every sort of youth organizations. The youth movement at Danjin district began with the youth organization formed by the chief of a district, businessmen, intellectuals, landlords, and Christianity leaders in the early 1920s. They developed farmer-enlightening campaign together with culture movement.
They made efforts to attract schools, night schools, and public common schools and made donations to every sort of social activities. However, they assumed a character of Gyopunghoe [a kind of Temperance Union]on the basis of pro-Japanese ideas. The racial movement at the beginning of the 1920s exposed a lot of limits at a viewpoint of anti-Japanese movement.
With the launch of Shinhap Youth Society in 1924, they ostracized parasitic complacency of "Confucian Scholar-led Politics." The major constituent members of Shinhap Youth Society were the characters who developed socialist activities.
They systematically caused a farm tenancy dispute by setting up the Dangjin tenant farming co-op in 1924. They also participated in the campaign for the holding of 'Chungnam District Youth Convention" in 1925 and "The First Line Alliance" which was an ideological group in Chungnam District. The "Shinhap Youth Society" became a pivotal body of the racial movement at Dangjin district and its influence was equal to the that of "Mygonghoe" at Hongseong district. However, it happened to cause a conflict with the great landlord of Hapdeok- the Hapdeok Catholic church, which resulted in the closure of Moegoe School attached to the Hapdeok Catholic church. The socialists represented by Lim, Jongman and Jeong, Hag-won at Dangjin joined the movement organizations, such as an ideological group in the center, the Federation of Joseon Labor, and Federation of Joseon Farmers, etc. They played a role of a bridge between the organizations in the center and socialist movement organizations at Dangjin.
In the latter part of the 1920s, young people organized an unified youth federation, i.e "Dangjin Youth Federation" on Jan. 28, 1928 with the public opinion urging the organization of the national unitary party soaring. The "Dangjin branch of the Shinganhoe, which was organized on December 6, 1927, was led by the public figures of Cheondogyo at Dangjin.
On the contrary, the Dangjin Youth Federation was led by the figures belonging to the Shinhap Youth Soceity of Hapdeok. There appears a big difference in their propensity between the Dangjin Branch Society and Dangjin Youth Federation. However, people, such as Jeong, Hwanseok, Jeong, Hak-won, Jeong, Hyeong-taek, Choi, Byung-kook, and Lee, Chung-beom, etc. joined both groups, by which they tried to tide over district deviation. The activities of the Dangjin Youth Federation include the promotion of education, eradication of illiteracy, and lecturing tour for inspiring the consciousness of the public. They made efforts to tide over the difficulty of tenant farmers using the idea of socialism. The tenancy dispute which was sporadically developed was systemized and clothed with legitimacy by the members of the youth organization.
The activists of the youth organization at Dangjin and thinkers of socialism founded the Dangjin Branch Society of Shinganhoe on December 6, 1927. The Shinganhoe was a national movement organization formed through the efforts of the national cooperative front. The steering staff of the Dangjin Branch Society proceeded with a re-organization job with the aim of increasing their capacity for activities. This research looked into the Dangjin Branch Society by dividing its history into the period of foundation, period of activities, and closing period.
The characteristics of executive members who were active during the period of its foundation are as follows:
First, as for the age, it was organized by mostly the young & middle-aged class in their 30s. Second, its members were representing each district. Third, they were broadly accepting the religion that prevailed at that time. Fourth, both conservative and liberal figures all participated in it. In addition, considering that Hongm Jong-kwan who took the position of the chief of Dangjin-myeon took the position of branch society head, it is obvious that liberally-inclined socialist activists around the community leaders were involved in this society.
Fifth, its members had enough money to spend in their own way, and got a common education in the 1910s.
The unusual thing is that there existed not many figures from big landlords but commoners or a lot more figures joining from other districts.
Looking into the period when the Dangjin Branch Society developed their activities in full scale, it is found that they maintained an organizational system consisting of President, Vice President, and Manager. However, this system changed into the executive committee system, which aimed for showing the substructure-centered militant propensity, discarding rank-centered system. Particularly, the steering camp of the Dangjin Branch Society was significantly absorbing the characters who were affiliated with the Dangjin Youth Federation. So from that point, it is believed that the Youth Movement Organization at Dangjin and the influencers of the Dangjin Branch Society were developing the national movement of Dangjin while continuously discovering & training activists and exchanging with each other.
On the other hand, the central force who was developing the racial movement at Dangjin in the 1920s, i.e. socialists who were active in "Sodeulgangmun" plains southeast of Dangjin-gun dreamed of class liberation & farmer liberation. They organized the Dangjin Tenancy Co-op in 1924 and instructed farmers' tenancy dispute. The farmer's movement at Dangjin was developed centering on Hapdeok, Wugang, and Shinpyong-myeon which were populated by mostly tenant farmers.
Looking into their land register, it is found that farmer who didn't have any strip of land were legion. In short, there were hardly any farmers who had land enough to build a house. Turning into the 1930s, the Japanese Empire attempted at the release low-interest loan, improvement in tenancy-related matters, arrangement of the legislation for rescuing farming village and write-off of farm household debts.
However, all these movements were nothing more than a deceitful trick for invading the continent starting from the 1930s.
The controversial issues of tenancy dispute appeared diversely including deprivation of tenant rights, excessive proceeds and transport costs from tenants, management matters related to an irrigation association, intermediary exploitation of a tenant farm supervisor, issue of double-cropping, a 50% annual interest matter, and an issue of right or wrong, etc. Particularly, the representative controversial issue in early 1920s had something to do with the lowering of the proceeds from a tenant.
However, a tenancy dispute ever aggravated with this issue gradually changed into the deprivation of tenant rights. After all, the tenancy dispute was farmers' self-help to defend their the minimum right to live from rigorous exploitation of a landlord. In addition, the tenancy dispute at Dangjin didn't arise from the dichotomous relations of a landlord and tenant. The tenancy dispute was a struggle in solidarity between Dangjin tenancy association members confronting the colony landlords in collusion with the colony power, and the tenant farmers at Dangjin district represented by the farmers at Wugang. This takes on a character of independence movement resisting colonial rule system beyond the struggle for tenant farmers' right to live.
On the other hand, the national movement of Dangjin district during the Japanese ruling period from the general perspective was inclusive of a variety of activities,and leading class.
Particularly, culture movement was progressed by mostly the representative community leader group called "Iemun Club" for self-discipline and correction of bad customs and traditions. They raised funds by organizing the "Private-run College Establishment Supporting Association." In addition, they developed a campaign to expedite consumption by organizing the Dangjin consumers' cooperative society. In early 1920s, the campaign for setting up a common school, which was developed at each myeon, was also proceeded with by mostly the landlords, a man of property, and a chief of township. They developed a mass-education drive inspiring the national consciousness while breaking down the feudal consciousness & customs of the public.
The second period for the national movement at Dangjin was in the mid & late 1920s. The activities, developed by the Dangjin tenancy association at the same period when the Shinhap Youth Society was organized in 1924, contributed to breaking down feudalistic evil customs. They triggered tenant farmers to get inspired with modern consciousness and national consciousness. The Dangjin Branch Society of Shinganhoe established in December, 1927, and the Dangjin Youth Federation established in January, 1928 were spreading over a mass-education drive and getting the anti-feudal national consciousness implanted in people's mind.
The third period belongs to the 1930s when the Dangjin Branch Soceity of Shinganhoe and Dangjin Youth Federation were broken up by the Japanese Empire's suppression, but the farmers from Hapdeok and Wugang-myeon were spreading their tenancy dispute more fiercely. They were briskly developing an education movement and had the residents in poor environments get education by enlightening them. However, that movement required enormous amounts of funds, so men of property in districts tried to lessen economic destitution of the residents by sharing expenses.
In particular, comparing the circumstance of Yesan county and Hongseong county, both of which belong to the same connotation district area, Dangjin was in poor environment in several aspects. In case of Yesan county, immigrant power was lording it over as a ruling class rather than native influence with this district growing into a newly-emerging industrial city. They (immigrant power) made a success in transforming themselves into big capitalists from a big landlord.
In addition, they managed to maintain a close relation with the ruling organization of the colony in order to retain the vested rights. Some of the native influence attempted at reform while arming themselves with socialist ideas, but it fell through due to the Japanese empire's suppression. In case of Hongseong, there appeared a variety of political influences at here as a center of politics and economy of connotation district. In addition, the weight of independent farmers and tenant farmers exceeded the average of Chungnam or the nation. Such an aspect made it possible to promote a relaxed and stable national movement.
Nevertheless, Dangjin district wasn't more dynamic than Hongseong boasting of politics or Yesan boasting of economy. Poor transportation facilities pressed it into obstructiveness at political, economic, social aspects; what was worse, the only marine channel was used as a route for grain exploitation by the landlords residing in Seoul. Dangjin during the Japanese ruling period was a village where time stood still in comparison with Yesan and Hongseong. However, such a disadvantageous point allowed the residents at Dangjin to be equipped with identity and strength to struggle against the Japanese empire and colony ruling influence.
The idea that played the most important role in developing the national movement at Dangjin district was no other than the socialist idea. In its center were Jeong, Hak-won from Wugan-myeon and Lim, Jongman from Shinpyong-myeon. They was intoxicated with the socialist idea from the early 1920s. They instructed the tenancy dispute at Hapdeok and Wugang district and promoted the coalition of Chungcheong district by organizing 'Shinhap Youth Society' which was a kind of reformative youth society. Furthermore, they spread a mass-education drive to every place of Chungnam by organizing a socialist ideological group called "The Foremost Line Federation." The Dangjin Branch Society of Shinganhoe and Dangjin Youth Federation were strengthened by them, which enabled both groups to improve the consciousness of independence fighting against the Japanese empire.
With the death of Lim, Jongman and Jeong, Hak-won by the Japanese empire's torture in January and October in 1933 respectively, the socialist movement at Danjin faltered at one time; however, their successors steadily spread the national movement on the basis of the socialist idea, and participated in "new nation building movement" as an influencers' class immediately after liberation from the Japanese ruling.
Naepo district was the place where leftist forces were strong even in Chungnam, and it was only at Yesan, Hongseong, and Dangjin that the October resistance in 1946 took place. Amongst all, the areas where the most fierce resistance happened were Myeoncheon and Hapdeok district, which was derived from deep-rooted consciousness of resistance based on unbalanced possession of land. Such aspects explains why Bae, Kiyoung, who was from a member of standing committee of Shinhap Youth Society, was appointed the chairperson of the Council of People's Commissars at Dangjin, and Kang, Seonkook from Soonseong-myeon, who was active in the Dangjin Branch Society of Shinganhoe as the chairperson of the Council of People's Commissars at Dangjin county at the time of the Korean War when the Korean Establishment Preparation Board and the Council of People's Commissars were formed right after the liberation from the Japanese ruling,
The residents at Dangjin district developed their national movement very fiercely ranging from the resistance by the army raised in the cause of justice in the latter period of the Chosun Dynasty and "Manse movement for independence" during the period of the Japanese ruling even until every sort of community movements.
They sometimes fought barehanded and enlightened the residents by organizing every sort of organizations. In addition, farmers, who formed most of the residents, incessantly developed their farmer movement to defend their right to live while tiding over the yawning gap between the wealthy and the poor.
They even went to great ends to offer the modern educational opportunity to children as a means of preparing the future, such as establishment of night schools and schools, etc. All these movements were developed in a gloomy period atmosphere of the Japanese ruling, which could be sublimated into the anti-Japan national movement led by the residents at Dangjin district after all.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서 론 1
• 1. 문제제기 1
• 2. 연구현황 4
• 3. 연구방향과 자료소개 7
• 제2장 민족운동의 배경 12
• 1. 인문지리적 배경 12
• 2. 사회 경제적 배경 18
• 1) 인구현황 18
• 2) 성씨와 동족마을 20
• 3) 경제적 배경 26
• 3. 종교 사상적 배경 34
• 1) 유학적 전통 34
• 2) 기독교의 수용과 성장 36
• 3) 천도교의 유입 40
• 4. 한말 민족운동의 전개 44
• 1) 의병항쟁 44
• 2) 근대교육운동 46
• 제3장 3ㆍ1운동의 전개 52
• 1. 당진지역 3ㆍ1운동 52
• 2. 대호지 3ㆍ1운동 58
• 1) 만세운동의 배경 58
• 2) 만세운동의 추진 60
• 3) 운동의 전개 63
• 4) 일제의 탄압과 법정투쟁 66
• 5) 참여자 분석 68
• 3. 당진 3ㆍ1운동의 성격 78
• 제4장 청년운동의 발흥과 활동 81
• 1. 청년단체의 발흥과 문화운동 81
• 1) 청년단체의 발흥 81
• 2) 청년단체의 문화운동 83
• 2. 청년단체의 혁신과 무산계급운동 86
• 1) 사회주의 사상의 수용과 사회주의 세력의 형성 86
• 2) 청년단체의 혁신 92
• 3) 청년단체의 무산계급운동 96
• 3. 연합청년단체의 결성과 민족협동전선운동 102
• 1) 당진청년동맹의 결성 102
• 2) 청년단체의 민족협동전선운동 106
• 4. 당진 청년운동의 성격 108
• 제5장 신간회 당진지회의 조직과 활동 111
• 1. 지회 설립과 지도부 111
• 1) 지회 설립 111
• 2) 설립당시의 지도부 114
• 2. 조직과 활동 119
• 1) 지도부의 변천 119
• 2) 활동 126
• 3. 일제의 탄압과 해소 132
• 1) 일제의 탄압 132
• 2) 당진지회의 해소 134
• 4. 당진지회 활동의 의의 138
• 제6장 농민운동의 전개 140
• 1. 농민운동의 조건 140
• 1) 합덕ㆍ우강지역의 농업조건 140
• 2) 토지소유현황 147
• 2. 농민운동의 전개 155
• 1) 소작조합의 조직과 활동 155
• 2) 소작쟁의의 전개 165
• 3) 수리조합 반대투쟁 175
• 3. 당진 농민운동의 성격 177
• 제7장 민족운동 주도층의 사회적 성향 182
• 1. 1910~1920년대 전반 182
• 1) 민족운동의 전개 182
• 2) 주도층의 성향 183
• 2. 1920년대 후반 190
• 1) 민족운동의 전개 190
• 2) 주도층의 성향 191
• 3. 1930년대 전반 196
• 1) 민족운동의 전개 196
• 2) 주도층의 성향 196
• 제8장 결론 201
• 참고문헌 208
• 영문초록 220