참깨(Sesamum indicum L.) 栽培의 水分環境條件에 關한 硏究 = Effect of soil moisture on the plant growth and grain yield of Sesame (Seaamum indicum L.)

국문 초록 (Abstract)

南部地方에서 참깨 栽培時 가장 問題되는 要因가운데 하나는 播種期의 旱魃과 初期生育期의 장마에 依한 濕害等으로 收量低調를 免치 못하고 있는 實情이다. 그러므로 本 硏究는 참깨 栽培土壤의 排水條件과 作物에 對한 浸水 및 旱魃條件에 따른 참깨의 生理, 生態的 反應이나 여러가지 有用形質들이 敏感하게 反應하는 時期를 究明한 結果,
栽培土壤의 排水性 差異에 따른 참깨의 生育 및 收量은 過度한 排水 및 保水條件下에서만 有意的인 減少를 하였고, 灌水方法間에는 6日間隔 20mm 灌氷보다 3日間隔 10mm 灌水에서 朔當粒數, 朔數 및 1000粒重이 向上되므로써 收量構成이 有利해지는 傾向이었다.
浸水에 依한 抵抗性은 出現後 25日頃인 가장 强했고, 出現後 55日頃에서 가장 弱해 이 時期의 浸水는 莖直徑과 分枝數를 除外한 모든 有用形質이 減少하는 方向으로 作用하였는데 이는 浸水時間이 길수록 高溫 및 酸素不足에 依한 根의 腐敗가 甚해 地上部生育이 沮害되었을 뿐 아니라 참깨의 生育이나 收量形質들이 出現後 40日의 浸水處理를 기점으로 回復勢가 거의 不可能한 傾向이었고 無浸水(13g/pot)에 比해 69∼86%의 減收를 보였다. 또한 浸水處理下에서 대부분의 形質들은 種實收量과 95% 以上의 水準에서 正의 相關關係를 나타냈고, 油分含量은 出現後 55日 浸水處理에서 低下하는 傾向이였으나 脂肪酸組成에는 影響이 없었다.
참깨의 旱魃害는 營養生長期보다 生殖生長期에 더욱 增大되었으며, 前者는 出現後 40日까지, 後者는 20日까지 耐性을 보였다. 이와 類似한 反應結果를 體內의 遊離 Proline 含量分析이냐 草長·莖直涇·株當分枝數·乾物重을 비롯한 葉面積과 葉緣素含量의 變異調査 結果에서도 認定할 수 있었다. 그러나 참깨가 旱魃被害를 받으면 거의 모든 有用形質들이 營養生長期는 40日, 生殖生長期는 30日 旱魃까지 回復이 可能 하였으나 그 以後는 거의 不可能하였고, 種實收量은 旱魃日數가 延長됨에 따라 減收幅이 컸으며 營養生長期는 29∼80%, 生殖生長期에서는 49∼85 %의 減收를 招來하였고, 種實收量은 登熱率을 除外한 모든 形質들과는 高度의 正의 相關關係를 나타냈다. 그렇지만 旱魃로 因한 油分含量은 無處理의 52%에서 42%까지 減少하여 有意的인 減少傾向을 보였으나 脂肪酸組成과는 無關하였다.
以上의 結果 참깨 栽培土壤의 排水條件은 過度한 排水條件과 排水不良條件이 아닌 어느 土壤에서나 生育適應性이 높지만 粘土와 砂土比가 75:25%(50% 排水能力이 559分인 土壤)인 土壤이 가장 栽培하기 좋은 土壤이며, 浸水나 旱魃 等으로 因해 stress를 받으면 生育 全般에 걸쳐 繼續的인 影響을 받아 完金한 生育回復이 不可能하여 모든 有用形質이 減少하는 方向으로 作用해 結局 收量減收를 가져온다는 事實이 認定되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Drought at the time of seeding and excessive soil moisture due to continuous raining during the growing season are the important factors limiting the yield of sesame in Korea. In the present study the physiolonical responses of the sesame plants to water logging and drought, and the periods which is critical for the development of important agrononmical characters were examined in relation with drainage condition of the soil.
The plant growth was generally good on different types of soils except on those where drainage or moisture holding cpapcity was exccessively high. The number of grain per cppsule and weight of individual grains were greatly influenced by drainage condition, and the highest yield was obtained on the soil consisted of 75% silt and 25% sand. In the soils of good drainage, irrigation at 10mm every 3 days resulted in higher yield than that at 20mm every 6days, indicating the importance of continuous maintenance of soil moisture.
The number of plants died due to water logging was the highest by that in 55days after emergence and followed in order by those in 10days, 70days and 25days after emergence, and more plant died whenever the period of water logging lasted longer. Agronomic characters such as plant height, total leaf area, total dry weight, number of branches per plant, capsule setting length, length of capsule, number of capsules per plant, rate of ripeness, number of grains per capsule and weight of individual grains were severly affected by water logging in 55days after emergence but the stem diameter by that in 10days after emergence. Of course, the adverse effect of water logging increased Propotionally to its duration. The adverse effect on agronomic characters of the water logging within 25days after emergence was generally recovered during the later growth, but that after 40days after emergence was substantially reflected on the grain yield. The water logging in 55days after emergence decreased the yield in proportion to its duration, ranging from 69% to 86% of the control. In the plots of water logging treatment, the grain yield was positively and highly significantly correlated with all the charaters except stem diameter and number of branches per plant. Water logging in 55days after emergence decreased the oil contant in the grains but did not infulence on the composition of fatty acids.
Plant death due to drought occurred when the period of drought was more than 40days during vegetative growth and more than 20days during reproductive growth, which were coincident with the changes in free proline content. Drought treatments generally decreased the plant height, stem diameter, number of branches per plant, and dry weights of shoots and roots. The plant height and total dry weight were recovered to some extent during the later growth but the stem diameter at reproductive stage was never recovered. The total leaf area and chlorophyll content decreased due to drought were also hardly recovered. The adverse effect of drought was recovered only when the drought was less than 40days in vegetative growth stage and 30days in reproductive growth stage. Grain yield decreased propotionally to the duration of drought, ranging from 29% to 80% and from 49% to 55% when the drought occurred during vegetative and reproductive growth stages, respectively. Grain yield under drought condition was positively and highly significantly correlated with all the yield components except rate jof ripiness. Drought condition, especially during the reproductive growth, decreased oil content in the grains down to 42% compared to 52% in the control, but did not affect on the composition of fatty acids.
In conclusion, sesame plants can adapt widely to various types of soils, but the moisture stresses due to drought or water logging encountered at any stage of plant growth can never be fully recovered and thus reflected on the grain yield.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 抄錄 = 1
• 緖言 = 3
• 硏究史 = 4
• 試驗 I. 栽培土壤의 排水條件과 生育 = 11
• 材料 및 方法 = 11
• 結果 및 考察 = 12
• 1. 供試土壤의 排水力 = 12
• 2. 生育 = 12
• 3. 收量構成要素 = 14
• 4. 種實收量 = 16
• 試驗 II. 生育段階別 浸水時間의 影響 = 18
• 材料 및 方法 = 18
• 結果 및 考察 = 19
• 1. 生育 = 19
• 2. 收量關聯 形質 = 27
• 3. 種實收量 = 31
• 4. 油分含量 및 脂肪酸組成 = 33
• 試驗 III. 生育段階別 旱魃期間의 影響 = 35
• 材料 및 方法 = 35
• 結果 및 考察 = 36
• 1. 生育 = 36
• 2. 收量關聯 形質 = 43
• 3. 種實收量 = 46
• 4. 油分含量과 賂肪酸組成 = 48
• 綜合考察 = 50
• 摘要 = 53
• 引用文獻 = 55
• Abstract = 66