국제법상 불법반출 문화재에 대한 연구
저자
발행사항
서울 : 高麗大學校 大學院, 2012
학위논문사항
學位論文(碩士)-- 高麗大學校 大學院 : 法學科 2012. 2
발행연도
2012
작성언어
한국어
주제어
발행국(도시)
서울
기타서명
(A) study on the return of illegally exported cultural property in terms of international law
형태사항
vi, 113 p. ; 26 cm
일반주기명
지도교수: 박기갑
부록: 국외문화재 환수현황
참고문헌: p. 101-105
DOI식별코드
소장기관
Today, the return of cultural objects is gaining more importance in the field of international law. The point at issue is filling the gap between the legitimacy of return as a symbol of a nation's spirit and cultural identity and the opposing passive stance of countries currently in possession of the objects.
The disparate stance of the two parties can be witnessed in the international conventions. '1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property' does not guarantee the return of cultural property illegally exported before the Convention entered into force and furthermore such return is not accepted as a customary international law. Moreover '1995 UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects' which states the obligation to order the return of cultural objects illegally exported is not widely accepted in the international community. Also in practice countries in possession of large lots of exported cultural property including France, United Kingdom and Japan are all taking negative positions in dealing with requests for return.
However, the Italian practice concerning cultural property has been enriched in the past few years by some interesting examples of restitution and return to the country of origin. Italy is recently active in requesting the return of its stolen property as well as proceeding the policy of returning objects in its possession to former italian colonies including Libya. It is anticipated that such practice will bring a new wave in the change of international perception of states and contribute to the development of international law.
Italy and Libya's agreement is peculiar in the fact that it deals with the return of property exported during colonial rule. Italy's return to Lybia has implications to our situation as the return was dealt as a part of normalization of diplomatic relations. However, as the Agreement deals with a much wider range of return compared to Korea-Japan Cultural Property Agreement of 1965, it could be perceived as a new method of resolving the issue of illegal export of colonized states.
In this regard, we need to arrange a comprehensive and cohesive strategy reflecting recent changes in international practice. We also must conduct robust study of costs and resources for return, validity and leverage of our negotiation tools, possibility of utilizing exported objects as cultural envoys, and spurring public opinion
In devising a plan we can consider enhancing cooperation with countries which share the history of cultural deprivation, namely our East Asia neighboring states. On the other hand we should consider strategic alliance with countries in possession of foreign artifacts. We also need a coherent and effective strategy to deal with countries reluctant to return our treasures.
However, Korea's return efforts which is headed by the Cultural Heritage Administration and related non-governmental organizations showed lack of effectiveness due to budget constraints and the lack of an independent control tower. Therefore the government has recently organized an independent Displaced Cultural Property Team under the Cultural Heritage Administration, and there are also various efforts to establish the Foreign Cultural Property Return Foundation.
The Displaced Cultural Property Team is in charge of leading our return strategy. In this regard, the team will conduct systematic research of displaced property to prioritize the return projects. After selecting projects diverse strategies including, inter-governmental negotiations, civilian talks, long term loan, donation and purchase should be examined. Furthermore, additional research to devise moral entities in the domain is required.
Additionally, the Foreign Cultural Property Return Foundation should head the civilian side of return process including tracking of export routes, and inducing donation and sale. However in quarterbacking the process the foundation should respect the characteristic and capacity of the respective subordinate organizations by promoting a 'salad bowl' approach rather and not a 'melting pot' perspective.
We should also reemphasize the importance of cooperation of domestic and international organizations as recent cases has shown the power of international forums in fostering the environment of international return. Recently innovative methods to deal with the diplomatic tension has been devised in cases of voluntary return and also in counter strategies to return requests. In circumstances when return of property is highly unlikely, instruments such as long term loan, temporary loan, trade of cultural objects and substitution with high grade photocopy is being utilized.
Every accessible method and asset should be applied to protect our cultural treasures and to enforce practical return of displaced cultural objects. Consequently, the Korean community needs to devise a systematic strategy by strengthening research of international agreements, drawing bi-party agreements including the obligation to return, and collecting evidence to legitimize our assertion.
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