11~13세기 성씨로 표현된 부계 혈통과 친족 범위 - 경원이씨(慶源李氏) 사례를 중심으로 = Patrilineal Descent as Expressed through Surnames and Kinship Boundaries in 11th–13th Century Koryŏ: The Case of the Kyŏngwŏn Yi Lineage(慶源李氏)

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 11~13세기 경원이씨(慶源李氏)와 관련된 제반 현상을 검토하였다. 기존에는 경원이씨를 ‘가문’의 대표적 사례로 간주하고 분석하였다. 하지만 성씨의 당대적 함의를 충분히 드러내지 못하였으며, 친족 원리보다는 정치･사회적 맥락에 기반해 설명하였다는 한계가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 점을 염두에 두고 경원이씨에 대한 이해를 심화하고자 하였으며, 그 과정에서 당대에 성씨가 내포하던 의미도 드러내고자 하였다. 구체적으로는 경원이씨의 인적 범주와 결집 강도, 통혼 관계, 사회적 위상을 차례로 검토하였다.
‘경원이씨’라는 지칭은 이 성씨를 보유한 인물을 포괄하였다. 이들은 부계로 전해지는 이 성씨가 혈연적 근원을 표상한다고 인식하였다. 이들 간에는 일족으로서의 동류의식이 공유되었다. 하지만 이 인식은 이들을 친족집단으로 결집하도록 추동하는 정도의 강도는 아니었다. 실제로 경원이씨 구성원들의 혼인이나 경원이씨의 사회적 평판과 관련해서는 경원이씨가 하나의 친족집단으로 작용하는 모습이 확인되지 않는다. 오히려 개별 인물의 양측적 친속관계가 이 측면들에서 유의미하게 기능하였다. 이러한 양상은 총계적 3세대 범위의 가문 속에서 일상생활이 영위되었던 당대 조건에 영향을 받았다.
본 연구에서는 성씨, 친족구조의 당대적 특징을 염두에 두고 고려 전･중기의 ‘가문’이 실제로 작용하는 모습을 규명하였다. 이 과정에서 성씨가 내포했던 함의를 드러내고자 하였다. 이러한 작업은 친족집단을 전제한 상태에서 진행되었던 기존의 가문 연구들을 새롭게 바라볼 필요성을 제기했다는 의미를 지닌다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The subject of this study is the Kyŏngwŏn Yi Lineage, which was heralded as a prominent lineage in Koryŏ from the 11th to the 13th century. This lineage has long been considered a representative one in the Koryŏ society, but the meaning of the surname was only analyzed in political & social terms rather than kinship terms, leaving the true connotation of the surname in context of its time yet to be fully understood. Therefore this study aims to determine the lineage’s unknown qualities, and also find the meaning of ‘surnames’ in Koryŏ. Under that goal, the lineage members, internal cohesion, their marital relationships as well as sociopolitical status, are all examined here.
The term ‘Kyŏngwŏn Yi lineage’ referred to all individuals bearing that surname. The Kyŏngwŏn Yi surname was inherited patrilineally and was understood to represent their ancestral bloodline, fostering a sense of fellowship among those who shared it. However, this sense of shared identity was insufficient to compel them to organize and operate as a cohesive patrilineal faction. This was because the daily life of Koryŏ people primarily occurred within a cognatic three-generation segment (comprising both paternal and maternal relatives), a dynamic that significantly influenced kinship structures.
The marital relationships of the Kyŏngwŏn Yi lineage were characterized by a bilateral kindred structure, where proximity was determined by genealogical distance from other members, irrespective of patrilineal or matrilineal lines. Kyŏngwŏn Yi members intermarried with both the royal family and non-royal households. Royal marriages often involved consanguineous marriages between Kyŏngwŏn Yi women and Koryŏ kings or princes. This practice was favored by the Koryŏ royal family, which viewed Kyŏngwŏn Yi females as close relatives and ideal matches. In non-royal marriages, the lineage considered not only the reputation of other households or the careers of their members, but also the overall status derived from one's bilateral relatives within a cognatic three-generation segment when selecting spouses.
The Kyŏngwŏn Yi lineage was highly regarded in Koryŏ due to its longstanding marital ties with the royal family and its consistent production of high-ranking government officials. However, this prestigious reputation did not uniformly benefit all members. Only individuals within the sphere of relatives of Queens who originated from the Kyŏngwŏn Yi lineage were recognized as "oech'ŏk(外戚)" and subsequently appointed to dignified posts. Those who were not part of such privileged groups had to continuously strive to gain similar privileges through the Civil Service Examination or by becoming high-ranking officials.
This article examines how lineages in early and middle Koryŏ operated within society, focusing on their surnames and the structure of their member relationships. It also discusses the broader meaning encapsulated by surnames during this period, which calls for a reassessment of previous studies that primarily assumed the existence of cohesive kinship groups.