고려 佛具의 의미와 제작기법 : 宇鶴文化財團 소장품을 중심으로 = Meanings and Manufacturing Methods of Buddhist Ritual Instruments in the Goryeo Dynasty : with Special Regard to Collections of Woohak Cultural Foundation
저자
안귀숙 (인천공항 문화재감정관실)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2006
작성언어
Korean
주제어
KDC
632
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
122-145(24쪽)
제공처
Used to make Buddhist sanctum solemn and hold various rituals and Buddhist offering in six ways, Buddhist Ritual Instruments are not only religious practical instruments, but the mediums spiritually functioning to save human beings by leading them into the solemn world of Buddha. Accordingly, the methods to use the instruments have been prescribed according to the Vinaya(Buddhist teachings) and Buddhist monks were strictly equipped with the necessaries such as robes, wooden rice bowls, sprinklers and incense burners, by order of the precept that when leaving for Dhuta(頭陀), they must always "carry, like bird wings,"eighteen articles of Mahayana monks with them.
Most of the Buddhist Ritual Instruments at the Woohak Cultural Foundation were manufactured in the Goryeo Dynasty era, when various kinds of Buddhist crafted products were made and the products were excellent in molding, decoration and technique thanks to the development of Esoteric Buddhist rituals, thus enabling to grasp Korean Buddhist arts at a glance.
Buddhist Instruments are divided into ritual instruments temple bell, buddhist ritual bell and bath plate for baby Buddha statue, offering instruments incense burner, incense jar, candle stick and sprinkler and solemn instruments gilt bronze plaque on the Nirvana illustration, sarira reliquary and gilt bronze miniature pagoda, guardian Buddha statues and gold tube for sutra, adjuncts belonging to a royal palace, Sutra box's ornaments, and so on. Temple bells are typical ones of the late Goryeo Dynasty era, which have standing flower pattern belts, as shown by the temple bell with inscription of Gye-mi 癸未 I223. Sprinkler are Goryeo's works of I2th-I3th centuries, which are divided into type Ⅰ with a spout and type Ⅱ without a spout. The Gwan-bul Songra 灌佛松羅, manufactured by buddha's servant, Kim-chun 金春 in I2I5, shows that the plate used for bathing the baby Buddha statue with perfume was called "Songra 松羅" at that time. The tripod candle sticks, whose saucers resemble lions, are Gwang-myang-dae 光明臺 that Seo Geung 徐兢 referred to as "It is a utensil which props a lamp and a candlelight. Underneath there are three feet. There is a pillar in the centre which is joined together by every joint like a bamboo shoot. There is (also) a tray on the top," in his book 「Goryeo Do Gyeong 高麗圖經」. Four of candle sticks, manufactured by "Hyean 惠安, Dongyangdoin 棟梁道人 of Jeong-gwang Temple 定光寺" in "March of the year of Sin-mi 辛未, seem to constitute a set, possibly used for Esoteric Buddhist rituals. The guardian Buddha statues are gold statues of Water-moon Avalokiteśvara sitting in the posture of ϓunwangjwa 輪王座 in the silver shrine protected by Vaiśravana 毘沙門天 from outward. Being so small as to be grasped within a hand, they not only express the aesthetic consciousness of Goryeo's people through icons, patterns and techniques of repoussé method(making wanted patterns appear by hammering metal plate from behind), but also the bamboos on the sides of shrine show how painting was in the Goryeo Dynasty era.
Patterns show typical ones of the Goryeo era, as shown by main ones, e.g. lotus patterns, lotus arabesque patterns, twin phoenix patterns, dragon patterns, coin patterns, Sanskrit patterns, bamboo patterns and Buddhist saint statues, and subordinate ones, e.g. cloud patterns, dragon cintmani patterns, wave patterns and lotus petal patterns.
Except for gold and silver ones, such Buddhist Ritual Instruments were mainly cast in bronze, or plated according to the art of mercury amalgam plating after chasing with various kinds of chisels. Above all, the ring-punched technique, more advanced than that in the Unified Silla era, shows an essence of 'fish-egg' patterns by making the fittings closely patterned with small circles on the surface with the bell chisel to make main patterns distinguished. This is attributed to the facts that Goryeo kept in official contact in the Ⅱth century with the Liao 遼 Kingdom which succeeded to and developed the ring-punched technique of those days and that Goryeo employed excellent artisans naturalized from Kitan 契丹 as official ones.
Like this, the Woohak Cultural Foundation's collections, through which Goryeo's Buddhist followers and artisans expressed their belief and aesthetic consciousness, have great significance in Korean history of craft, since they show not merely all of various kinds, patterns and techniques of Buddhist metal arts, but also the circumstances of foreign exchanges of Goryeo with North Song 北宋 and Liao 遼.
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