러시아의 북극전략 : 군사화의 의미와 한계 = Russian Strategy in the Arctic : Implications and Constraints of Militarization

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Arctic is clearly vital to the national interest of Russian federation. Climate change has brought opportunities and challenges in the Arctic to Russia. Retreating ice opens up new opportunities for gas and petroleum exploitation and more intensive use of Northern Sea Route. This may increase competition and lead to international disputes over maritime zones and resources. The geopolitical interests and natural resources are most important factors driving the Russian Arctic policies. The Arctic has also a significant meaning from the perspective of security for Russia. The importance of the Arctic to Russia has fueled Russia to make its role as a core nation by political, economic and military means. Since the Russia’s performance of a titanium flag at the North Pole in 2007 and resumption of strategic bomber patrols in the arctic, the Russian’s Arctic policies were described as the militarization. Russia has been steadily strengthening military power. Moreover, Russia’s Annexation of Crimea in March 2014 and involvement in the Ukraine conflict caused Russia and NATO’s conducting massive military exercises. Russia established the Arctic strategic military command and has made boosting Russia’s military presence in the Arctic. However, Russia has also constraints against Russia’s military buildup in the region. From the perspective of economic development, Moscow does not have sufficient capability to exploit the region. These considerations indicate that Russia will seek finding ways for cooperation along with increasing military presence in the near future.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

러시아에게 있어 북극은 사활적 국익지역이 되었다. 기후변화는 러시아에게 북극에서의 기회와 도전을 초래했다. 해빙은 에너지자원의 개발과 북극항로 활용의 새로운 기회를 제공하고 있다. 이러한 변화는 국가간 경쟁을 심화시켰으며, 국제적인 해양영토와 자원논쟁을 불러일으켰다. 러시아의 북극정책 추진의 주요 동인으로는 지정학적 위치, 경제 및 안보 요인 등이 있다. 이러한 요인들이 러시아로 하여금 정치, 경제, 군사적 수단을 통한 북극의 핵심국가로서 의 위상과 정책을 추진하도록 하고 있다.
2007년 러시아의 북극점 심해에서 국기 꽂기 퍼포먼스와 북극에서의 전략폭격기 정찰 이후 러시아의 북극정책은 군사화로 규정되어왔다. 실제로 러시아는 군사력을 꾸준히 증가시켜왔다. 더욱이 2014년 3월 러시아 크림합병과 우크라이나사태 개입은 러시아와 나토간의 대대적인 군사훈련을 초래했다. 러시아는 북극전략사령부를 설립하고 북극에서의 군사적 존재를 강화해나가고 있다. 하지만 북극에서의 러시아 군사력강화에 대한 한계점도 존재한다. 러시아는 필요한 지역의 경제발전을 위한 충분한 역량을 가지고 있지 않다. 결과적으로 러시아는 단기적으로는 북극에서 군사력 강화를 추구할지라도 협력방안 역시 모색해갈 것으로 보인다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 유준구, "북극해 거버넌스 현안과 과제"
• 2 이성규, "북극지역의 자원개발 현황 및 전망" 에너지경제연구원 2010
• 3 박현욱, "북극개발과 북극항로"
• 4 제성훈, "러시아의 북극개발전략과 한·러 협력의 새로운 가능성" KIEP 대외정책연구원 2013
• 5 김경순, "러시아 신 군사독트린" 105 : 4-8, 2015
• 6 영산대 북극물류연구소, "러시아 북극해항로관련 초직 및 주요업무"
• 7 石原敬浩, "北極海と安全保障"
• 8 "“The Ilulissat Declaration.” Arctic Ocean Conference, Ilulissat, Greenland"
• 9 U.S. Geological Survey, "“Circum-Artic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle.” USGS Fact Sheet, 2008-2049"
• 10 "Стратегия развития арктической зоны Россий ской Федерации и обе спечения национальной безопасности на период до 2020 года"
• 11 "Послание Президента Федеральному Собраниню"
• 12 "Оснвоы государственной политики Россий ской Федерации в Аркти ке на период до 2020 года и дальней шую перспективу"
• 13 "Военная доктрина Россий ской Федерации"
• 14 "http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en"
• 15 "US Navy admits it needs massive investment to fight for Arctic seaways control"
• 16 Waltz, Kenneth, "Theory of International Politics" Waveland Press, Inc 2010
• 17 Conley, Heather A., "The New Foreign Policy Frontier: U.S. Interests and Actors in the Arctic" CSIS Europe Program 2013
• 18 Willett, Le, "The Navy in Russia’s ‘Resurgence’" 154 (154): 50-55, 2009
• 19 Spohr, Alexandre Piffero, "The Militarization of the Arctic: Political, Economic, and Climate Challenges" 1 : 2013
• 20 Yeager, Brooks B., "The Ilulissat Declaration: Background and Implications for Arctic Governance"
• 21 Trenin, Dmitri, "The Arctic: A View from Moscow" Carnegie Endowment for international Peace 2010
• 22 Smith, Reignald, "The Arctic-a new partnership paradigm or the next ‘Cold War”" 62 :
• 23 Voronov, Konstantin, "The Arctic Horizons of Russia’s Strategy" 50 (50): 2012
• 24 Medvedev, Dmitry, "Speech at Meeting of the Russian Security Council on Protecting Russia’s National Interests in the Arctic"
• 25 Dawkins, Peter, "Securitisation of the Arctic Circle"
• 26 Mitchell, Jon, "Russia’s Territorial Ambition and Increased Military Presence in the Arctic"
• 27 Blank, Stephen, "Russia’s New Maritime Doctrine"
• 28 Klimento, Ekaterina, "Russia’s Evolving Arctic Strategy: Driver, Challenges and New Opportunities" SIPRI 2014
• 29 Laruelle, Marlene, "Russia’s Arctic Strategies and Future of the Far North" M.E. Sharpe. Inc 2014
• 30 Ankov, Vitaly, "Russian military to have special command for Arctic operations"
• 31 Korejba, Jakub, "Russian Strategy in the Arctic"
• 32 Heinien, Lassi, "Russian Strategies in the Arctic : Avoiding a New Cold War" Valdai Discussion Club Grantees 2014
• 33 Heinien, Lassi, "Russian Military Strategies in the Arctic"
• 34 Blank, Stephen, "Russian Military Politics and Russia’s 2010’s Defense Doctrine" Strategic Studies Institute 2011
• 35 "Russian Military Doctrine"
• 36 "Russia's Northern Fleet Forces testing Combat Readiness in Snap Drills"
• 37 "Russia to create united naval base system for ships, subs in Arctic -Putin"
• 38 Klimentyev, Michael, "Russia to create united naval base system for ships, subs in Arctic - Putin"
• 39 Cunningham, Nicholas, "Russia ships its first Arctic oil. Is a boom coming?"
• 40 Golts, Alexandr, "Russia in the Arctic" Strategic Studies Institute 43-62, 2011
• 41 Blank, Stephen, "Russia in the Arctic" Strategic Studies Institute 2011
• 42 Zysk, Katarzyna, "Russia in the Arctic" Strategic Studies Institute 2011
• 43 "Russia Sends 4 Strategic Bombers on 24-Hour Arctic Patrol"
• 44 Nilsen, Thomas, "Putin orders Arctic army development"
• 45 "Putin Orders Northern Fleet to Full Alert for Combat Readiness Drills"
• 46 "Putin Launches GPV 2016-2025"
• 47 Staalesen, Atle, "Prirazlomnoye Drilling in September"
• 48 Nilsen, Thomas, "Northern fleet starts Barents Sea war games"
• 49 Parks, Noreen, "Natural Resources: Other Minerals" Russian Geographical Society
• 50 Putin, Vladimir, "Meeting of the Security Council on state policy in the Arctic"
• 51 "Gazprom and CNPC have signed a contract on gas supplies to China"
• 52 Macalister, Terry, "Climate Change Could Lead to Arctic Conflict, Warns Senior Nato Commander"
• 53 "Arctic Resources: the fight for the coldest place on Earth heats up"
• 54 Emmerson, Charles, "Arctic Opening: Opportunity and Risk in the High North" Lloyd’s and Chatham House 2012
• 55 Borgerson, Scott, "Arctic Meltdown: the Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming" 87 (87):
• 56 Miere, Christian Le, "Arctic Doublespeak?" 139 (139): 2013
• 57 Oreshenkov, Alexander, "Arctic Diplomacy"
• 58 Conley, Heather A., "A New Security Architecture for the Arctic: An American Perspective" CSIS Europe Program 2012
• 59 김석환, "21세기 러시아의 국가전략과 한러 전략적 동반자관계" 통일연구원 2010
• 60 "$3B for arctic ships: PM"