매리 엘리자베스 브래든의 『오들리 부인의 비밀』에서 나타난 여성성의 환상(fantasy)과 가장(masquerade) = A Fantasy of Femininity and Masquerade in Mary Elizabeth Braddon`s Lady Audley`s Secret

국문 초록 (Abstract)

『오들리 부인의 비밀』에서 여성성은 환상에 의한 구성물이며 이것을 가능하게 하는 것이 가장이다. 빅토리아 시대는 여성성에 대한 규정을 엄격히 정하였고 이 범주에서 벗어나는 것은 여성의 본능을 거스르는 부자연스러운 것이라 생각했다. 19세기에 큰 인기를 누렸던 선정소설은 이러한 빅토리아 시대 관습적 성 역할과 가부장제를 지탱하는 성 이데올로기를 전면에 내세운다. 그 중에서도 『오들리 부인의 비밀』의 루시는 ‘집안의 천사’라는 여성성의 환상을 구성하고, 가장을 통해 이를 제시하면서 가부장제 사회의 구조적 모순과 오류를 드러낸다. 정신분석학자 조운 리비에가 이러한 가장으로서의 여성성을 분석하였는데, 이것은 야망을 가진여성이 남성의 적대적 반응을 피하고자 택하는 방식이라고 주장했다. 또한 자크 라캉은 여성성의 본질을 가장이라고 보았으며 이를 통해 남녀관계의 불가능성을 주장했는데, 남녀의 성관계는 서로 상대방에게서 찾을수 없는 것을 구하기 때문이라고 보았다. 왜냐하면 남녀관계는 서로에 대한 환상에 의한 것인데, 이러한 환상을 유지시키는 방법 중 하나가 가장이기 때문이다. 루시는 자신에 대한 여성성의 환상을 가장으로 제시하고, 가장을 통해 자신의 사회적 생존을 이어간다. 루시의 ‘집안의 천사’라는 가장은 그녀의 내면의 강한 자아, 욕망, 야심을 감추지만, 가부장제와 법의 수호자인 로버트에 의해 가장이었음이 드러나고, 루시는 가부장 사회에 위협적인 존재로 낙인찍히며 처단된다. 순수하고 온순한 여성성이 가면이었음을 드러냈다는 죄로 루시는 악녀가 되어 사라지고, 가부장 사회의 근본인 평화로운 가정은 유지되는 것으로 결론을 맺는다. 그러나 루시의 존재는 가부장제의 근본적인 균열과 불합리성을 드러내고, 저택에 남아 있는 루시의 초상화는 그녀의 좌절과 분노를 보여준다. 라캉의 정신분석학적 이론을 통해 여성성의 본질이 사회적 요구에 의한 환상과 가장에 바탕을 두고 있음을 이해할 수 있으며, 이를 통해 루시의 여성성의 가장과 환상을 고찰할 수 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Femininity in Lady Audley’s Secret is a construction of fantasy that is enabled by masquerade. In the Victorian Era, the definition of femininity was morally strict, and women who transgressed the boundary of proper womanhood were considered unnatural and ungenuine. The 19th century’s ever-popular sensation novel foregrounds and problematizes this conventional sexual role and its ideology that supports patriarchal society. Lucy in Lady Auldey’s Secret constructs the Victorian fantasy of “angel in the house” through her masquerade, thereby discloses the structural inconsistency and fallacy of the patriarchal society. Psychoanalyst Joan Riviere, in her article "Womanliness as Masquerade", argues that a feminine mask is worn by women who wish to pursue her ambition, yet circumvent the anxiety and reproach from men. In a similar vein, Jacques Lacan stresses that femininity itself is a masquerade. His statement, "there is no such thing as sexual relationship," renders the impossibility of establishing any sexual relationship that is based on a fantasy of the other. This impossible relationship is thoroughly appropriated by Lucy whose social survival is granted by her masquerade, which is carried by a fantasy of herself. Her masquerade of the ideal femininity conceals her strong inner self, passion, and aspiration, but the falsehood of her idealized imagery was soon discovered by Robert. As a rising new order of patriarchy and law, Robert becomes the authoritative figure who can define what the proper femininity is. He banishes her and ‘buries her alive’ to cleanse the peaceful Victorian upper-class home from the evil adventuress. The seeming happy ending of the patriarchal domesticity, however, is never completely achieved as Lucy’s remaining portrait in the Audley court, which expresses her frustration and rage, disturbs the peace. The nature of femininity in Lady Audley’s Secret can be recognized as a representation that is grounded on the socially coerced fantasy and masquerade.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 Lacan, Jacques, "Écrits" W. W. Norton 2006
• 2 Pykett, Lyn, "The ‘Improper’ Feminine: The Woman’s Sensation Novels and the New Woman Writing" Routledge 1992
• 3 Žižek, Slavoj, "The Sublime Object of Ideology" Verso 2009
• 4 Lacan, Jacques, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book Ⅺ : The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-analysis, Trans, "The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book Ⅺ: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-analysis" W. W. Norton 1998
• 5 Pykett, Lyn, "The Nineteenth Century Sensation Novel" House Publishers Ltd 2011
• 6 James, Henry, "The Nation, 9 November 1865, Reprinted in Notes and Reviews" Harvard UP 103-116, 1981
• 7 Showalter, Elaine, "The Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Brontë to Lessing" Princeton UP 1999
• 8 Lacan, Jacques, "The Limits of Love and Knowledge, 1972-1973" W. W. Norton 1999
• 9 Laplanche, Jean, "The Language of Psychoanalysis" Norton 1988
• 10 Fink, Bruce, "The Lacanian Subject" Princeton University 1995
• 11 Costantitni, Mariaconcetta, "The Cambridge Companion to Sensation Fiction" Cambridge UP 99-112, 2013
• 12 Donnelly, Brian, "Sensational Bodies: Lady Audley and the Pre-Raphaelite Portrait" 112 : 69-90, 2007
• 13 Godfrey, Esther, "SEL Studies in English Literature 1500-1900" 853-871, 2005
• 14 Oliphant, Margaret, "Novels" 94 : 168-183, 1863
• 15 Cvetkovich, Anne, "Mixed Feelings: Feminism, Mass Culture, and Victorian Sensationalism" Rutgers UP 1992
• 16 Tseëlon, Efrat, "Masquerade and Identities: Essays on Gender, Sexuality and Marginality" Routledge 1-17, 2001
• 17 Craft-Fairchild, Catherine, "Masquerade and Gender : Disguise and Female Identity in Eighteenth-Century Fictions by Women" The Pennsylvania State UP 1993
• 18 Chowaniec, Urszula, "Masquerade and Femininity: Essays on Russian and Polish Women Writers" Cambridge Scholars Publishing 1-22, 2008
• 19 Howard, Greg, "Masculinity and Economics in Lady Audley’s Secret" 33-53, 1999
• 20 Gilbert, Pamela K., "Madness and Civilization : Generic Opposition in Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Lady Audley’s Secret" 218-233, 1996
• 21 Peters, Fiona, "Mad, Bad, or Difficult? Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Lady Audley’s Secret and the Enigma of Femininity" Rodopi 197-210, 2004
• 22 Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, "Lady Audley’s Secret" Penguin Classics 1998
• 23 Fisk, Nicole, "Lady Audley as Sacrifice : Curing Female Disadvantage in Lady Audley’s Secret" 24-27, 2004
• 24 Homer, Sean, "Jacques Lacan" Routledge 2005
• 25 Butler, Judith, "Gender Trouble" Routledge 2007
• 26 Burgin, Victor, "Formations of Fantasy" Methuen 1986
• 27 Riviere, Joan, "Formations of Fantasy" Methuen 35-44, 1986
• 28 Heath, Stephen, "Formations of Fantasy" Methuen 45-61, 1986
• 29 Laplanche, Jean, "Formations of Fantasy" Methuen 5-34, 1986
• 30 Rose, Jacqueline, "Feminine Sexuality: Jacques Lacan and the école freudienne" W.W. Norton 27-57, 1985
• 31 Tilley, Elizabeth, "Exhibited by Candlelight: Sources and Development in the Gothic Tradition" Rodopi 197-204, 1995
• 32 Žižek, Slavoj, "Enjoy Your Symptom!" Routledge 2008
• 33 Langland, Elizabeth, "Beyond Sensation: Mary Elizabeth Braddon in Context" University of New York Press 3-15, 2000
• 34 Beauvais, Jennifer, "Between the Spheres: Male Characters and the Performance of Femininity in Four Victorian Novels, 1849-1886" U Montreal 2009
• 35 Evans, Dylan, "An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis" Routledge 1996
• 36 Vosquil, Lynn, "Acts of Madness: Lady Audley and the Meaning of Victorian Femininity" 611-639, 2001
• 37 Gilbert, Pamela K, "A Companion to Sensation Fiction" Wiley-Blackwell 2011
• 38 Andres, Sophia, "A Companion to Sensation Fiction" Wiley-Blackwell 559-575, 2011