식민지 시기 이북명 소설연구 = A Study on Lee Buk-myeong's Novels during Colonial Era

국문 초록 (Abstract)

국문초록

이 논문은 이북명의 식민지 시기 소설을 연구대상으로 한다. 이북명의 본명은 이순익(李淳翼)으로, 노동자출신의 작가라는 점에서 카프의 주목을 받았다. 그의 초기소설은 자신이 직접 경험한 공장체험을 바탕으로 작품을 전개하였다. 그의 소설은 당대 비평가들로부터 현실적이라는 평가를 받았지만 저항의 모습이 소극적으로 묘사되어 정치‧계급적 의식의 부족을 단점으로 지적받았다. 그의 전향이후, 소설에서 저항의 모습은 더욱 약화되었으며 이러한 점 때문에 사회주의 소설의 관점에서 더욱 저평가되었다.
기존의 연구에서는 ‘식민지 수탈론’을 인식틀로 이북명 소설을 ‘친일문학론’ 관점에서 분석하고 있다. 이는 그의 소설을 ‘저항/협력’이라는 이분법으로만 분석하여 그 당시 작가의 의식변화와 다양한 근대성에 대한 인식을 살피기에는 한계를 지닌다. 따라서 이 논문은 이북명 소설을 ‘파시즘문학론’으로 분석하고자 한다. ‘파시즘문학론’은 ‘식민지 근대성론’을 인식틀로 탈근대주의를 통해 이 시기를 파시즘으로 규정하고 근대의 규율권력을 문학 속에서 찾고자 하는데 중점을 둔다.
식민지 시기 근대적 공장은 규율권력을 통해 노동자들의 신체‧정신을 통제한다. 이러한 규율권력을 통해 노동자들은 근대적 주체로 형성된다. 공장의 노동규율은 합리성과 효율성을 중시한 시‧공간 규율과 위계제이다. 그리고 이러한 노동규율은 효과적인 감시체계와 폭력과 해고와 같은 규율기제를 통해서 노동자를 내면화시킨다. 하지만 모든 노동자들이 노동규율을 내면화하지는 못한다. 노동규율에 적응하지 못하고 공장으로부터 배제되는 노동자가 생겨나는 것이다. 여기에서 규율권력에 대한 저항이 생겨난다. 이북명은 노동소설에서 노동규율과 규율기제에 대한 저항의 모습을 보인다. 노동조합은 그 조직자체내에 또 다른 규율을 전제로 하고 있다. 따라서 그의 소설에서는 노동조합과 같은 조직‧계급적 저항은 찾기 힘들며, 소극적이고 증흥적인 저항의 모습을 보인다.
중일전쟁 이후, 일제의 탄압으로 작가들은 사상의 억압을 받게 되고 이는 작가들의 전향으로 이어진다. 이북명도 사상과 생활의 고민을 가지고 있었으며, 전향 지식인을 형상화하여 그의 고민을 간접적으로 표현한다. 하층민을 형상화한 소설에서는 근대적 자본주의에 포섭된 인물들을 부정적으로 형상화하며, 공동체적 인간을 제시하여 근대성을 뛰어넘을 방안으로 제시한다. 노동소설에서 자본주의에 의해 파탄된 생활은 사상을 통해 저항의 당위성을 갖게 하지만 전향소설에서 생활은 사상과 대립되는 것으로 파악된다. 이러한 점에서 전향소설이 노동소설과 협력소설의 가교역할을 했다고 분석된다.
협력소설은 기존의 연구에서 일제의 정책에 동조했다는 이유로 친일소설로 규정되었다. 하지만 이 논문에서는 ‘친일/저항’이라는 이분법에서 벗어나 작가가 ‘신체제’론에서 주관적으로 전유하는 부분을 살펴보고자 한다. 이북명은 근대적 자본주의를 초극하는 방안으로 ‘신체제’의 국가주의를 받아들인다. 국가주의는 근대화의 자본주의적 경제체제와 개인주의를 부정하며 이러한 것들이 국가에 의해 통제되어야 한다는 것을 주장한다. 작가는 사회주의 사상의 표현이 가로막힌 현실에서 그 대안으로 ‘신체제’론의 국가주의를 전유하고 있었던 것이다. 그리고 작가의 국가주의적 인식은 작품 속에서 ‘파시즘적 청년’을 통해 표현된다. 식민지 시기 형성된 청년담론은 엘리트로서 일본정책에 동조하며 자기희생을 통해 형성된다. 특히 작가는 여성을 타자로 부정적으로 인식한다. 이러한 여성의 부정적 타자인식은 협력소설 뿐만 아니라 그의 소설 전체에서 보인다. 이는 타자를 형성함으로서 주체의 존재양상을 더욱 부각시킬 수 있기 때문이다.
식민지 시기 이북명의 소설은 ‘노동규율에 대한 저항’, ‘공동체를 통한 대안모색’, ‘신체제론의 국가주의 전유’를 통해 근대적 자본주의와 개인주의를 반대하였다고 분석할 수 있다. 이 논문은 기존의 이분법적 사고에서 벗어나 작가의 근대화에 대한 다양한 인식을 살펴볼 수 있는 계기를 가질 수 있다는 것에 의의를 두고자한다.

*주제어 : 이북명, 탈근대, 파시즘, 규율권력, 노동소설, 전향소설, 협력소설, 청년

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Abstract

A Study on Lee Buk-myeong's Novels during Colonial Era

Shin, Sang-don
Department of Education
Korean Language Education
Graduate School of Education
Myongji University

This paper aims to investigate Lee Buk-myeong’s novels during colonial period. Lee Buk-myeong’s real name was Lee Sun-ik, and on the point that he was a writer with labor background, he had drawn attention of KAPF(Korea Proletariat Artist Federation). The story of his early novel was developed based on his hands-on experiences in a factory. His novel was evaluated as a realistic work from the critics at those days, however, lack of political and class consciousness in his literary works was pointed out as a weakness, for resisting profile was described in a pretty restrained, somewhat passive fashion. After his conversion, the resisting profile in his novel had been more weakened, and for such a socialistic standpoint toward novel, his literary works were more undervalued.
In the existing research works, Lee Buk-myeong’s novels were analyzed from the perspective of ‘Pro-Japanese Literary Theory,’ taking ‘Colonial Exploitation Theory’ as frame of cognition. This approach of analysis displays a limit in order to investigate perception with respect to changes in consciousness of the writers in those days, as well as the consciousness concerned with varied modernity, having analyzed his novels by applying only dichotomy method, called ‘resistance versus cooperation.’ Therefore, in this paper, researcher attempted to analyze Lee Buk-myeong’s novel on the basis of ‘Literary Theory of Fascism.’ ‘Literary Theory of Fascism’ places emphasis on activities of seeking for ruling power of the modern world through post-modernism taking ‘Colonial Modernity Theory’ as the frame of cognition, having defined this period as fascism. Modern factories in the colonial period control workers’ body and mind by means of ruling power. Through such a ruling power, workers shall be formed as a modern subject. Labor rules and regulations in factory are composed of time-space disciplines, and a hierarchical system as well that value much of rationality and efficiency. And these labor rules and regulations makes workers internalized through the ruling mechanism, such as effective supervising and monitoring system, violence, and discharge.
All workers, however, are not able to internalize labor rules. And so there are workers who shall be removed from the factory, for they have not been adapted to the labor rules and regulations. Here, resistance against the ruling power occurs. Lee Buk-myeong reveals a resisting profile against the ruling mechanism as well as labor discipline in his labor novels. Labor union is premised on other different rules within its own organization. Accordingly, such organization and working-class resistances as by labor union are seldom found in his novels, and it rather showed a passive and extemporaneous resistance. After the Sino-Japanese War, writers had been suffered from the oppression of thought because of Japanese clampdown, and this led to conversions of writers. Lee Buk-myeong also had some worries about his ideology and everyday life, and he expressed his worries in an indirect way having embodied a converted intellect.
In the novel in which he had embodied the people of the lower class, characters that had been pulled into the modern capitalism were configured in a negative fashion. He proposed it as for a method that would leap over modernity by presenting communal human being. In the labor novel, the living that had been ruined by the capitalism brought about the rational basis of ‘resistance’ that should be established as a matter of natural course through ideology, nevertheless, it was understood that the livelihood described in the novel written from the perspective of the convert was contrary to the ideology. In this respect, it was analyzed that a novel written by an ideological convert had played a role as a bridge that connected labor novel and collaborative novel. In the existing research works, the collaborative novels were defined as pro-Japanese novels, for the reason that it had went along with the colonial policies under Japanese reign period.
However, in this paper, researcher tried to examine carefully the exclusive parts occupied by the writer objectively in ‘New System Theory,’ getting rid of such dichotomy method, called ‘Pro-Japanese versus Resistance.’ Lee Buk-myeong accepted the nationalism of ‘Neo-Systems’ or ‘The New Colonial Policy’ as a method that had resolved the modern capitalism. And he argued that nationalism should have to deny capitalistic economic system in the course of modernization as well as individualism, and that these affairs must be controlled by the state. Meanwhile, under the reality that expression of socialist ideology was blocked, the writer had taken the nationalism of ‘Neo-Systems’ theory, which was colonial reality, for his own use, as an alternative thereof. And the writer’s nationalistic consciousness was expressed through ‘Fascistic Young Man’ in his literary works. The Discourse on Young Men that had been taken shape in the colonial period was built up through self-sacrifice following the lines of Japanese colonial policies, as an elite citizen. The writer, in particular, perceived female as the other negatively. Such a negative perception on female as the other revealed in the collaborative novel as well as across his entire novels. This was because he could have engraved the modality of existence of subjectivity more and better by forming the other.
Based on the results of analysis, it can be said that Lee Buk-myeong’s novel during the colonial period opposed the modern capitalism and individualism as well through ‘resistance against labor rules,’ and ‘seeking an alternative through community,’ and ‘exclusive possession of the nationalism of neo-systems theory- the colonial reality.’ In this research work, the researcher could have an opportunity to examine variety of consciousnesses of Lee Buk-myeong with respect to modernization getting rid of the conventional dichotomy, and this would be of vital significance.


keywords : Lee Buk-myeong, Post-modernity, Ruling Power, Labor Novel, Covert Novel, Cooperative Novel, Facism, Young Man

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목 차국문초록Ⅰ. 서론 1. 연구사 검토와 문제제기1 2. 연구대상 및 방법6Ⅱ. 노동소설 1. 근대적 공장과 노동규율14 2. 노동규율에 대한 저항으로서의 노동소설26Ⅲ. 전향소설 1. 지식인의 형상화36 2. 하층민의 형상화43Ⅳ. 협력소설 1. 작가의 ‘신체제’ 인식50 2. 신체제 주체로서의 ‘청년’57Ⅴ. 결론64참고문헌작품연보영문초록