KCI등재
유럽共同體法上의 無效訴訟(Nichtigkeitsklage)에 관한 硏究 = A Study on the annulment action in the European Community law
저자
金大淳 (全北大學校 法科大學)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1986
작성언어
Korean
KDC
360
등재정보
KCI등재
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
51-83(33쪽)
제공처
소장기관
Abstract
This paper deals with an annulment action (in German terminology Nichtigkeitsklage) in the EC law, which is laid down by Article 173 EEC, Article 146 Euratom, and Article 33 ECSC respectively. Article 146 Euratom is in entirely identical terms with Article 173 EEC. In this paper, mainly the annulment action of the EEC is discussed, with an occasional mention of that of the ECSC.
The aim of an annulment action is to have the European Court declare void an invalid act of the Council or the Commission.
Article 173 EEC provides that 'the Court of Justice shall review the legality of acts of the Council and the Commission other than recommendations or opinions', while Article 33 ECSC states that 'the Court shall have jurisdiction... to have decisions or recommendations of the High Authority declared void.... The two provisions form a contrast in enumerating the reviewable acts. In the former case, all the legal acts , especially including the so-called 'acts suigeneris' and possibly an international agreement between the European Community and a third country, can be the object of an annulment action. Under the latter system, on the contrary, only the legal acts mentioned there, that is the decision or the recommendation of the High Authority can be reviewed by the European Court. Therefore it is fairly safe to say that the scope of the jurisdiction ratione materiae of the European Court is much wider under the EEC(and Euratom) system in comparison with that under the ECSC system.
Who can institute annulment proceedings? The applicants are divided into two categories, privileged and non-privileged applicants. The privileged applicants are the Council, the Commission and the Member States. The Council may institute proceedings against the legal acts of the Commission, the Commission against the legal acts of the Council, and any Member State against the legal acts of either of the two. The locus standi of the privileged applicants is not limited by any special requirements. The reason is that every act of the Council or the Commission concerns them.
The non-privileged applicants are natural persons and legal persons. Article 173 EEC limits the locus standi' of the non-privileged applicants as follows :
Any natural or legal person may... institute proceedings against a decision addressed to that person or against a decision which, although in the form of a regulation or a decision addressed to another person, is of direct and individual concern to the former.
Two points need mentioning in connection with the above provision. First, the non-privileged applicants may bring proceedings against only one category of legal acts, a 'decision'. The above provision predicts three kinds of decisions : a decision addressed to the applicants, a decision in the formed a regulation, and a decision addressed to another person. Then, what is a decision ? How can it be defined at all ? In determining this problem, the European Court dose not depend on the formal designation of a legal act. Therefore the Court ruled in one case that a letter of the Commission addressed to the applicant is a decision. In short, the term 'decision' means an act not in the formal but in the material sense. The reason why a disguised decision in the form of a regulation has been inserted into Article 173 is to prevent the Council or the Commission from attempting to blockade the institution by a natural or a legal person of an annulment action simply by labelling its act 'regulation'. Second, in order to bring an annulment action, the non-privileged applicants must prove that the decision (in the material sense) at issue is of direct and individual concern to them. The meaning of direct and individual concern has not been defined so successfully and consistently by the European Court.
The grounds which may be the object of judicial review are four : lack of competence, infringement of an essential procedural requirement, infringement of the EC Treaties or any rule of law relating to their application, and the misuse of powers. These four grounds are said to have come from the French administrative law. This does not, however, mean that their meanings should be determind according to their source. These terms are now community legal ones, and therefore their meanings should be fixed on the Community level.
It is generally observed by the European writers that the formation of grounds is not so satisfactory. For the third ground is comprehensive enough to cover all the other three.
In principle, the invalid acts of the Commission or the Council are voidable, not void. In the EC law, most legal acts are deemed to be effective until they have been finally declared void by the European Court. The situation is rare that the legal acts of the Commity are absolutely invalid or non-existent from the beginning. The final ruling by the European Court annuls the act at issue retroactively and affects everybody, erga omnes.
The writer comes to the idea that the annulment action system under the EC legal order serves satisfactorily to promote the integration of the Western European peoples. But it is submitted that the special requirement adding to the difficulties in proving the invalidity of an act, that is the direct and individual concern, needs modifying which only the non-privileged applicants encounter before the Court.
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