台灣佛教徒的修行生活: 1949年後為主 = The Buddhist Practice in Taiwan – Mainly After 1949

국문 초록 (Abstract)

今以台灣四大名山(佛光山ㆍ法鼓山ㆍ中台山ㆍ慈濟)為例, 來說明1949年後台灣佛教徒的修行生活, 這四大名山的興起和台灣當時的經濟起飛有很大的關係. 從多年以來, 看台灣佛教的發展, 佛教崛起的一個主因, 是因為佛教主流思想早在50年代, 就提倡佛教入世, 與「人間佛教」, 經過長期推動, 由於「人間佛教」, 使得台灣佛教具備適應現代工商社會的能力. 面對台灣佛教許多的成功經驗, 在現代社會的發展過程中, 佛教在滿足工商業社會, 及宗教需求下, 才能在現代宗教信仰中占得主動地位.
在接引人進入佛教這方面, 佛光山ㆍ法鼓山ㆍ慈濟ㆍ中台山等大佛教團體, 因為成員眾多, 擁有各式各樣背景的成員為數不少, 這些成員有時會成立聯誼會, 或慈善會. 以佛光山為例, 佛光山教團注重教育工作, 尤其在社會教育ㆍ家庭教育與生活教育方面. 台灣佛教的法會繼承了中國大陸佛教的法會, 這部分是台灣佛教徒的修行方式之一.
大乘佛教以救苦救難ㆍ利益眾生為目標, 慈善事業成為大乘佛法修行中重要的修行方法之一, 最近這五十年來, 台灣以「人間佛教」為號召, 帶動的入世弘法及社會慈悲救濟.
台灣佛教的文化特色, 與舊有的漢傳佛教大大不同. 台灣佛教的文化性格, 包含: 入世性ㆍ國際性ㆍ多元傳承ㆍ女性領導人崛起ㆍ教內男女平權ㆍ新義理與新宗派(例如: 法鼓山成立法鼓宗)…等等多樣特色. 本論文簡略介紹台灣佛教徒的修行, 希望藉此能抛磚引玉, 由台灣的佛教模式帶動全世界佛教修行.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This thesis takes Taiwan’s four famous Buddhist mountains (Fo Guang Shan, Dharma Drum Mountain, Chung Tai Shan, and Tzu Chi) as examples to illustrate the Buddhist practice of Taiwanese Buddhists since 1949. The rise of these four mountains was closely related to Taiwan’s economic boom at that time. Looking at the development of Taiwanese Buddhism over the years, a major reason for its rise was that mainstream Buddhist thought, as early as the 1950s, advocated for Buddhism’s engagement with the world and “Humanistic Buddhism.” Through long-term promotion, “Humanistic Buddhism” enabled Taiwanese Buddhism to adapt to modern industrial and commercial society. Given the many successful experiences of Taiwanese Buddhism, in the process of modern social development, Buddhism has been able to occupy a proactive position in modern religious beliefs by meeting the needs of industrial and commercial society and its religious demands.
In leading people into Buddhism, large Buddhist organizations such as Fo Guang Shan, Dharma Drum Mountain, Tzu Chi, and Chung Tai Shan have numerous members with diverse backgrounds. These members sometimes form associations or charitable organizations. Taking Fo Guang Shan as an example, the Fo Guang Shan Buddhist community emphasizes education, especially in social education, family education, and moral life education. Taiwanese Buddhist ceremonies are inherited from those in mainland China, and this is one of the practices of Taiwanese Buddhists.
Mahayana Buddhism aims to relieve suffering and benefit all sentient beings. Charity has become one of the important practices in Mahayana Buddhism. In the last fifty years, Taiwan has promoted “Humanistic Buddhism,” which has led to the spread of Buddhism in the world and social compassion relief.
The cultural characteristics of Taiwanese Buddhism differ from significantly those of traditional Chinese Buddhism. The cultural character of Taiwanese Buddhism includes: worldly engagement, internationalism, diverse orders, the rise of female leaders, gender equality within the Buddhism, new doctrines interpretation and new sects (e.g., the establishment of the Dharma Drum Sect at Dharma Drum Mountain), and many other diverse features. This thesis briefly introduces the practice of Taiwanese Buddhists, hoping to stimulate further discussion and inspire Buddhist practice worldwide through the Taiwanese model.