交遊 관계를 통해 본 李商隱 詩歌의 感傷 情調

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

通過交遊關係探討李商隱詩歌的感傷情調

李 珠 姬

嶺南大學校 大學院
中語中文學科
中語中文學專攻
( 指導敎授 禹 在 鎬 )

中文提要

李商隱是一位在晩唐詩壇上綻放出鮮明而瑰麗光彩的詩人, 他與杜牧幷稱‘小李杜’, 與溫庭筠幷稱‘溫李’. 他用華麗的修辭與精緻的辭藻, 細膩地抒發內心的情感, 營造出獨具風格的詩世界. 因而, 李商隱在唐代詩歌上的成就, 實可與李白、杜甫、韓愈、白居易比肩, 其成就非其他晩唐詩人所能比擬, 足以獨立而成一家. 然而更深一步探求他的詩作, 便可發現其詩歌看似華麗優雅, 却掩藏着哀愁、悲傷、孤獨、鬱憤、苦惱等情感, 這種傷感在其作品中處處微妙地流露, 却强烈地觸動人心. 因而, 感傷情緖可以說是李商隱詩歌的基本情調, 這种感傷主題不管麽什题材始終都貫穿於其詩歌之中.
籠罩李商隱全詩的感傷情調是與當時的社會背景、人生經歷是密不可分的. 晩唐政局, 由於皇帝的無能、宦官的專權、藩鎭的割據、外族的侵扰、牛李的黨爭等動蕩不安的因素, 面臨滅亡. 詩人的一生, 因出身寒門、應擧艱苦、仕途不順、壯志難酬、感情多舛等挫折和失意, 命運坎坷. 這一切因素足以使李商隱的詩歌中浸潤着綿長的感傷, 因而李商隱的詩不但反映了危機四伏而動蕩不安的政局, 還抒發了對曲折而跌宕遭遇的切身人生感慨. 人不能獨自生活在這個世界上, 在人生旅途中不斷與他人相遇、相知，會經歷孤独、糾葛與失落, 也感受欣慰、認同和關懷. 這些情感的交流成爲詩歌情調的重要根源, 也是詩意産生的土壤. 李商隱不幸的政治生涯和愛情生活中亦不難找到他的感傷之源. 晩唐的政局爲人所共知, 限於篇幅, 無需贅述. 本文通過略述詩人的一生, 試圖推測詩人的感傷.
李商隱以皇室後裔爲自豪, 但家世累代任職於下級官僚, 詩人所繼承的不是堅强的背景和榮耀, 而是背着沈重的經濟负担. 10歲父親去世, 他從小便承擔起家庭重任, 爲別人抄書掙錢. 10多歲李商隱開始準備科擧, 在這段期間尙未及第而白衣身份的詩人遇見了令狐楚和崔戎, 兩位眞誠相待詩人, 在精神與物質上都傾力相助. 可惜崔戎在相知僅一年後便因病去世. 李商隱的應擧經歷过數次失敗, 最終得到令狐楚的提携才考中進士, 却在李商隐考中的那一年令狐楚匆匆離他而去. 在近十年的交往中, 令狐楚對李商隱而言旣是恩师又像父親. 他就像人生中的一座靠山，栽培詩人, 如今這座大山倒塌, 李商隱失去了依靠, 其悲痛之情或许是難以言表的.
26歲的李商隱雖成了進士身份, 但失去了依靠, 在長安求仕, 詩人的求仕是漫長而艱苦的. 及第的第二年, 27歲的李商隱迎娶了王茂元之女爲妻, 他一下子被擠壓在牛李兩黨中的夾縫中. 在牛李黨爭激烈的政局中, 他曾受恩於屬‘牛黨’的令狐楚, 却又迎娶了屬‘李黨’的王茂元之女, 這种選擇, 詩人雖本無意於黨朋, 但難免招來朋黨之徒的猜忌和排斥. 這段婚姻遭牛黨之忌毁, 致使博學宏辭科不中. 歷經多次挫敗, 詩人終於进入秘書省, 却很快被調到弘農縣尉. 他再次參加禮部考試才得以重入秘書省, 但不到一年母親便去世, 次年岳父王茂元也病故. 母親和岳父的相續離世, 使詩人承受了沈重的精神創傷. 李商隱爲了守喪不得不辭官三年, 這讓李商隱失去了躋身於權力階層的機會, 更對詩人的仕途造成了致命打擊.
服喪結束, 李商隱重任正字, 但仕途依舊坎坷. 在近二十年京師應擧和求仕過程中, 詩人苦苦奮鬪, 但最終還是未能找到棲身立足之地. 在無望的困境下, 36歲的李商隱選擇跟隨鄭亞前往桂州, 踏上了寄身他鄕的生活. 牛黨當權時, 李商隱爲何選擇李黨的鄭亞, 我們終究無法完全體會, 但其中肯定有難以言說的苦衷, 隱藏着不爲人知的無奈和心酸. 李商隱與家人分離, 從北方的長安來到遙遠的南方桂州, 客居異地. 他在思念家人與難展抱負之苦中, 度過了孤独而凄凉的歲月. 然而, 不及一年, 鄭亞因再次被貶職, 桂幕被迫解散, 詩人只能無功而返回長安. 正陷於失意與困頓之中, 李商隱得盧弘止之賞識, 遂應召赴徐州、汴州. 也許是命運的捉弄, 未滿兩年, 幕主因病辭世, 幕府随之解散, 詩人又是被迫返還長安. 在途中忽闻妻子的死訊, 最終連臨終都未能陪伴. 自婚姻以來, 李商隱在政治上飽盡波折，輾轉各地幕府奔波. 李商隱27歲成婚, 妻子於詩人40歲那年離世, 十四年的夫婦情分聚少離多, 李商隱對妻子的亏欠與愧疚, 成爲他心中難以弥補的遺憾. 在深陷於失意與喪妻之痛苦中, 貧困的現實依然折磨着詩人. 李商隱再次向令狐陶陳情, 勉强获得太学博士一职.
母親、岳父、妻子相繼辭世, 連曾賞識幷提携他的令狐楚、崔戎、鄭亞、盧弘止等幕主也先後離世. 李商隱深浸於深重的悲痛之中, 久久難以自拔, 幷且因太學博士空有虛名實爲閑職, 根本無法實現他的理想和抱負, 他最終選擇棄職離任. 40歲的李商隱再次前往幕府, 這是他人生中的最後一次遠行. 李商隱隨從柳仲郢來到梓州任職, 雖待遇優厚, 但時常想念獨自留在長安的失去母親的年幼子女, 心中自然會充滿愧疚和牵挂, 生活也愈加孤獨而凄涼. 數年後, 柳仲郢奉召入朝, 李商隱亦結束五年的梓幕生涯, 随之返回長安, 經由柳仲郢的推薦, 李商隱擔任鹽鐵推官. 但彼時的李商隱心身皆已衰弱, 不久便辭官, 回歸鄭州. 將近二十個歲月輾轉於京外做幕僚, 漂泊的生活讓李商隱嘗盡了人生的種種艱辛困苦. 到鄭州沒過多久, 李商隱追憶自己懷才不遇的一生, 感慨甚多, 最終於孤獨中病逝, 享年47歲. 李商隱一生的悲痛與哀傷痛苦, 可以說源於人與人之間的關係. 本文主要從人生中最爲關鍵的仕途與愛情這兩個方面進行了探討.
從仕途上的不順方面看李商隱的悲痛. 自大和三年(829)起, 擔任令狐楚幕下的巡官, 至大中十二年(858)爲止, 擔任鹽鐵推官, 這是李商隱的一仕途歷程: 其中三分之一就奮鬪於應擧、求官; 三分之一則漂泊於遠離京師的地方幕府. 李商隱十八歲便以文章受到令狐楚賞識, 二十六歲考中進士, 可見才華出衆. 他自然對前途充滿期待, 盼望能施展抱負, 可現實却與願違. 雖應擧失敗了幾次, 但還是終於通過了禮部考試, 支持他的令狐楚却在同年去世, 使他失去了最有力的引者, 前途一下變渺茫. 爲了求官, 他還參加吏部考試, 通過幾次失敗, 終於進入秘書省, 但很快被貶爲縣尉. 其後再通過吏部考試重進了秘書省, 但又因母親去世辭官守喪. 滿喪期後返京, 之前仕途似乎有所起色, 但因王氏的婚姻引發的牛李黨爭的旋渦中, 他再次遭冷遇. 在長安看不到希望的他只能投身幕府, 李商隱先後追隨鄭亞和盧弘止遠行, 可鄭亞不到一年卽遭貶, 盧弘止亦沒過两年去世, 更令人心碎的是愛妻也匆匆離他而去. 晩年他再次投靠柳仲郢到梓州幕府, 但此時的他已經年老多病, 壯志終未酬. 對李商隱來說仕途是難以踏上的, 卽使偶有入仕之機, 也總如曇花一現, 轉瞬卽逝. 這旣與他交遊之人多早逝密切相關, 也源於他身處複雜的黨爭中, 使他難以在政治上立足. 他應當怨恨命運從未爲自己鋪設一條平坦之路.
從愛情上的凄苦方面看李商隱的哀傷. 據說李商隱是多愁善感的詩人, 對愛情中的難堪憂據考證, 李商隱一生中與他有緣的女性共有三位, 卽洛陽柳枝、女冠宋氏、夫人王氏. 其一, 柳枝雖難以斷言爲其初戀, 但與他有過感情上的交流, 曾令他心動一時, 可惜最終因緣分淺薄而擦肩而過, 僅留下無法觸及的惋惜. 其二, 宋氏是李商隱在入道仙遊的經歷中結識的女冠. 兩人曾有過私会, 感情深厚, 然而她身爲入道的宮女, 受道觀淸規的約束生活被束縛, 終究未能走到一起, 留下無盡的遺憾. 其三, 王氏是在這幾段感情中, 感情最爲持久且深篤的一位, 可以說是他生命中最難以割舍的情緣. 李商隱因王氏結婚便卷入複雜的黨爭而被擠壓在牛李兩黨中的夾縫中, 其一生飽受仕途不順之苦. 困苦的生活中屢遭失意和挫折, 然而兩人患難與共始終相濡以沫, 彼此扶持幷安慰. 在困境中, 李商隱爲謀生不得不常遠行, 夫婦長年相隔, 聚少離多, 可惜這段婚姻僅維持了短短十四年, 妻子早早病逝, 他心中始終難免對妻子的愧疚之情. 不論生離或死别，皆爲人世之大痛, 以上三段不幸的感情對李商隐而言, 皆是刻骨銘心的至愛, 也是一腔旣深情又辛酸的哀痛.
李商隱詩歌的感傷情調是與當時暗鬱的時代、坎坷的命運、仕途的不順、凄苦的感情等诸多因素分不開的. 李商隱面對冷酷的現實中不能排解孤獨與悲傷, 便選擇了穿越時空的方式, 與古人進行精神上的交流. 詩人特别關注文獻上或被貶謫、或遭受排擠, 始終處於‘懷才不遇’的失意文人, 但他們却在困境之中幷沒因此沈淪, 反而以堅靭不拔的精神鑄就了耀眼的文學成就. 詩人不僅仰慕他們的才華而模倣他們的風格, 更深切地表達表了對他们遭遇的共鳴, 這就是詩人與古人的心靈相遇. 通過這種跨越時空的文學交遊, 將自己的身影投射其中找到自己的精神依託, 借此緩解安慰現實中的痛苦和寂寞. 當李商隱面對屈原、宋玉、賈誼、司馬相如等的詩歌時, 彷佛遇見共度孤獨、心靈相契的知音; 在曹植、阮籍、潘岳、庾信等心血灑落的詩句中，讀到自己曾經歷過的幷不陌生的悲傷; 追尋杜甫、韓愈、李賀所留下的語言深度與文句餘韻, 渴望與他們产生文學共鸣.
詩歌是表達詩人內心苦惱的一種方式, 李商隱在社會上的交遊中, 將自己感受到的多種情感融入到詩句中. 由於掩蓋着憂鬱陰影的時代和纏繞着失意挫折的身世, 悲傷比喜樂更容易成爲詩的主要情調. 李商隱通過詩歌來傾訴對自身處境的悲傷和痛苦, 他通過各種感傷主題將自己的感受寄託於詩中. 面對陰鬱的時代所帶來的鬱憤、煎熬艱難仕途中的無盡之苦悶、離別死別後的心如刀割的思念、遠離家鄕漂泊的旅人之哀愁、被遺棄於世上的孤獨和寂寞、未能施展抱負面對時光流逝的無奈痛惜, 這些無一不透露着詩人深刻的悲傷感受.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Melancholic Tone of Lishangyin's poetry seen through the Social relationships

Lee, Ju-Hee

Department of Chinese Language & Literature
Graduate School,
Yeungnam University
(Supervised by Professor WOO, JAEHO)

Abstract

Lishangyin was the representative poet of " The last Tang" and lived a lifetime at which abilities could not be used in the world to achieve aspiration. His colorful poetry is full of various feelings about the times and life experienced by both solitude and sadness. Therefore, the tone of his poetry is extremely sentimental. It can be said poetry is a literature that originated from relationships. Poetry is a confession of life left to oneself, a letter that communicates with others and conveys each other's hearts. Just as humans cannot be alone in the world, Lishangyin has interacted with various characters throughout his life, melted the feelings of comfort and hurt in his relationship with them into poetry, and naturally formed sentimental correction in the process of creation.
Lishangyin lost his father early and had to take care of the family, but at the relatively early age of 26, he was recognized for his literary prowess by passing the imperial examination. But that year, Linghuchu, the leader of the Niu Faction, passed away, and he then married the daughter of Wangmaoyuan, a figure of the Li Faction. Because of the marriage, Lishangyin fell into a whirlpool of partisan struggle. Although he passed the examination, it was not easy to be excluded and appointed to a government post. Lishangyin could not find a stable job in the capital city of Chang'an, so he eventually had to live a life wandering around the local shogunate. For 30 years from the past to the end of his life, Lishangyin spent 20 years in chang'an, scrambling for the imperial examination and appointment of government officials, and spent 10 years wandering around the country and living alone with his family. In 30 years, his mother, father-in-law, and loving wife passed away and Makju, a government officials and a colleague and friend Dong who recognized his talents, died in succession.
Lishangyin, who failed to achieve his estranged intention on both government post and the path of love, experienced deep solitude in constant frustration and disappointment. Lishangyin's pain and anguish stem from his relationships with people. In this paper, through the analysis of poems that can guess Lishangyin's relationship with each other, I would like to infer the sadness of Lishangyin, who is deeply established in poetry, through the relationship.
The scope of the above-mentioned relationship considered in this paper is as follows. First Lishangyin tried to find a small comfort in the sorrows of being alienated from the world by following in the footsteps of these former writers, such as Quyuan, Songyu, Jiayi, Simaxiangru, Caozhi, Wanjeok, Ruanji, and Panyue.
Lishangyin's friendship with Yuxin, Hanyu,and Lihe. Second Lishangyin tried to find a small comfort in the sorrow of being alienated from the world by going beyond time and space and having emotional communication with them, following in the footsteps of these former writers. Second, it is friendship on a government post road with Linghuchu, Zhouchi, Zhenya, Liuzhongyin, Cuirong, Wangmaoyuan, Luhongzhi,Linghutao and Lideyu, ect. Lishangyin communicated with them, expressed his desperate desire to obtain a government post, and expressed a sense of loss in mourning the death of a person he was involved in. Third Hanzhan, Liufen, Dumu, and friendship with Wentingjun and Cuijue. Lishangyin sincerely expressed his inner conflicts and concerns based on intimate ties in a poem about friendship with them. Fourth, it is a relationship with the wife and the opposite sex. In particular, in the poem left for his wife, the heartbreaking longing that stems from the reality of being far away and the pain of a heartbreaking separation that is divided into life and death is deeply buried, further doubling the sentimental atmosphere of the poem.
Looking at Lishangyin's life, it can be seen that not only has a poverty of life not seen solved, but also has not escaped from the life of misfortune that is wandering without being achieved. Most of the people around him gave warm benefits to Lishangyin, but they failed to lead him to the end and left the decision in a blue light. It seems that the poet's experiential inspiration was to constantly pour out resentment against the reality that he could not perform his talents with sadness that his talents and destiny were not in harmony with. Lishangyin wrote a poem to relieve the deep sadness of solitude and sorrow for his situation.
Lishangyin's poems contains all the sorrow and the personal pain of the dark times. there is nothing that does not remind me of poet Lishangyin's sorrow in the painful government post, sorrow of losing love, sorrow of wandering around the country after breaking up with his wife and children, the sense of loneliness left alone in a world where all his loved ones and those who recognize him have left, and the time passing by without achieving his aspiration.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• 1. 연구 동기 및 목적 1
• 2. 기존 연구 개황7
• 3. 연구 범위 및 방법19
• Ⅱ. 감상 정조의 형성 배경 24
• 1. 혼란한 시대24
• 1) 정변과 왕조의 쇠퇴24
• 2) 일생의 족쇄가 된 牛李黨爭37
• 2. 불우한 일생43
• Ⅲ. 前人과의 교유 64
• 1. 楚漢 문인 66
• 2. 魏晉南北朝 문인 85
• 3. 唐代 선배 문인 100
• Ⅳ. 仕途상의 교유 113
• 1. 幕主 114
• 2. 親姻戚 149
• 3. 官僚 173
• Ⅴ. 知己와의 교유 203
• 1. 同年 203
• 2. 同僚 213
• 3. 詩友 220
• Ⅵ. 부인 王氏 및 異性과의 인연 240
• 1. 夫人 王氏240
• 2. 洛陽城 柳枝 257
• 3. 玉陽山 女冠 宋氏268
• 4. 宮女․妓女․閨房의 女人282
• Ⅶ. 결론 300
• 참고문헌 305
• 中文提要 316
• Abstract320