한국인의 정당관에 대한 실험적 고찰 = An Experimental Survey; Korean Attitude toward Political Party
This article is prepared to serve the purpose of experimentally analyzing the nature and changes of Korean attitude toward political party in recent years. It is based on a sample study about political parties in Korea and analyses of relevant literatures and materials. The sample study had been conducted in a most selective way in view of the limited number of personnel, expenses and the pressure of time. In order to eliminate any bias or prejudice on the part of interviewers, however, special efforts had been made in selecting samples adequate enough to represent the sex, occupation, age, educational background and the compositive ratio among the population.
The results of sample study on the basis of 1,002 respondents might be summarized as follows :
1. The necessity of political party is particularly emphasized by male population, urban residents, younger generation, intellectuals and propertied classes. Though in small number altogether, those who think political party unnecessary are found in a relatively greater number in urban areas than in rural areas.
2. There are now many political parties registered in Korea. The results of the survey about what group regards political system composed of how many political parties as most desirable are as follows ;
two or three parties‥‥‥‥Supported by females, rural dwellers, the aged, the lower-educated.
three or four parties‥‥‥‥Supported by males, urban residents and intellectuals.
In general, the degree of recognizing the value of political parties is considerably high with regard to the two major parties, especially with regard to the government party. High degree of recognition for government party is attributable to the fact that the ruling party is in a position to penetrate deeply into the masses with the support of the government. Those who are more familiar with political party tend to insist upon the greater necessity of political party. But this has no direct bearing with the ruling that only party nominees can be candidates for the Presidency and the National Assembly membership, and that independents without party affiliation are prohibited from running as candidate.
3. In selecting Presidential candidates and National Assembly candidates, more emphasis is usually placed upon their personality and public pledges than upon their party affiliation. Respondents who synthetically considered the following three elements-political party, public pledges and personality-amounted to 36.7%. Among them, about 70% considered primarily in terms of personality. The degree in which continuous support to the same party is very low and this tendency seems to have something to do with Korean tradition of taking into serious consideration the personality itself rather than political party.
4. Half of the respondents are in favor of the measure that independents without party affiliation and consequently without party recommendation may become candidates for the member of National Assembly, while one-thirds of them are againt it. They think independents should be given opportunities to run as candidates for National Assemblymen. Though they admit the very necessity of political parties, they still seem to be of the opinion that corruptions accompanying party politics have to be dispensed with.
5. Arguments in favor of plural party system are that it is the very foundation of democracy and performs the function of integrating and coordinating the general will of the people. In particular, party members among the respondents favor the existence of political parties and oppose independent candidates running in the National Assembly election.
6. The most important reason why some of the respondents are against the existence of multiple political parties is that their activities accelerate political corruptions and sacrifice national interests through partisan causes.
7. Whether people support any particular political party or oppose it depend more upon the leading figures of the party than the degree of social representation, policy or accomplishments of that party. The dominant tendency to rely upon personality in selecting public candidates reveals the backward attitude of the Korean people towards political party.
8. On the question of adequate number of political party required, half of the interviewers support the bipartisan system and one-thirds the three-party system. Members of the New Democratic Party are overwhelmingly in favor of the two-party system , while members of minor parties are unanimously in support of multi-party system.
9. Most respondents think that only if a man filed an application he is fully qualified to be a party member and that political party is more concerned with formalities than with the exercise of rights or fulfilment of duties on the part of party members.
10. Many respondents consider it to be legitimate to raise political fund through the party members' contribution or from the sources of national treasury so as to use it as a safeguard against political corruptions and injustices. Those respondents who possess high consciousness as party member emphatically argue in favor of the need of party members' contribution. However, it reflects their view only and it is doubtful whether this argument could be realized.
11 Many respondents, more among party members than among nonparty members, expressed opinions in a negative way about intra-party democratic practices. Though many of them favor in principle the democratic order among political parties, they anticipate that it is hardly feasible because it is completely left to the voluntary ruling in each party's constitution. More party members than non-party members, and more intellectuals than illiterates support the possibility of democratizing intra-party order.
12. Looking into the changes in Korean attitude toward political party in the past and present, one can learn that gradual changes have taken place ranging from complete distrust of it in the immediate aftermath of the Liberation to a relatively general trust in it in the later stage.
The present tendency suggests us that there will be a possibility of significant transition into a total trust in the political party system among Korean people in the future.
Nonetheless, there is also a tendency for many people to discredit party members and policies, event though there are a few who trust political party. The expectation for political party does not seem to be improved. For the future of party politics, many people bear an opinion that supra-party movement is likely to emerge in order to overcome the bad influence of plutocracy. Yet, many people still expect that party-centered vote and peaceful change of regime shall be eventually made possible despite the inactivity of National Assembly.
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