韓國寺刹의 造景計劃에 關한 硏究 : Ⅰ. 華嚴道場의 造景計劃 Ⅰ. An Avatamska Buddhist Seminary Landscape = A Study on Landscape Architecture of Korean's Temple Plan

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

When the ancient temples of Korea were built, the arrangement of building, stylobate, etc. the Gidan of them had been emphasized in the good order hierachy, but the most of the recent built temples has been arranged the spaces without considering the good order of hierachy and buddhist doctrine. So this kind of study became necessity to purify and recover the orignal function for the trainning places of Buddhism.
This study was carried out to suggest the way and the principles what construction of temples will be created the Buddha's mercy for the buddhist and the common people with the help of organizing the spaces. and buildings based on the Budhist comology of life especially adaptation of three types of world(the world of desires, the sexual world and the unsexual world) and the results were summarized as follows;
1. Selecting the location for building the temple
The location for building the temples is selected in the center of hillock axis, where hillock is placed in the nice view from forest and river. When the places are sel ected, the comprehensive thought both Pungsuziri theory and supernatural thought which has been effected from ancient religion of Korea like the mountain god or shaman and buddhist culture which has been introduces from China are considered.
2. The function of temple
The temple, the holy place of religious austerties, has the following functions;
1) Polemic function of buddhist
2) Function of religious ceremony
3) accomplishing function of meditation
4) Living function
5) Function of religious affairs
6) Entering function
7) Function of production(Vegetable garden and orchard)
8) Function of enviromental conservation
9) Function buddhist sermon and buddhist education etc.
3. The arrangement and the order of hierachy of building and the space organization;
The temple is organized based on the system of one pagoda­three main temples­two halles in both side, the landuse and circulation system is planed according to the function.
1) After the main temple (Dae Woong Jeon) is constructed, the other buildings are done. the height of pallar and stylobate of the main temple is done with 424.2㎝ and 120㎝. The area of the main temple is 9 gan by 4 gen or 5 gen by 4gan.
2) The height of the other buildings' pallar is 10ja (303㎝) or 12ja (363.6㎝). The height of Myungbu jeon's stylobate is 2ja(60㎝) and the area of the other buildings is 5Gan by 3Gan.
3) The height of Gak's paller and stylobate is 6Ja (191.8㎝) and 2Ja (30㎝) and the area of Gak is 1 or 2Gan by 1Gan.
4) The height of two halls'; meditation hall and monk's living hall, is 9Ja (272.7㎝) and 8Ja(242.4㎝) and the height of stylobate is 2Ja (60㎝). The area of halls is decided with width of 2Gan into and with length according to the number of monks is accomodated.
5) The hight of training hall for both buddhists and monks and stylobate is 272.7㎝ and 60㎝. The area of this hall is decided with 7 or 9Gan into 3Gan.
[The Space Organization] The space is balanced according to the hill axis using the number 3 and 6 some from 3 worlds and 6 Deva, based on the Dori Deva the space of Pagoda is distributed into Moo Saek world, the space from Cheon Wang Gate to Buligate is symbolized into Saek world, and the space of Gyeong Ip is symbolized into Yock world.
This again divided into 6 each of 6 Yock Cheon is divided into same ratio (half of 18 Gan or 27 Gan which is symbolic of 18 Cheon Sack world). The length between Iℓjoo gate and San gate is 8 time of 18Gan or 27Gan which is symbolic of 8 Yeom, 8Gak, 8 Dae Ji Ock etc. The space is distributed into the space block and the space plot.
4. The system and patten of circulation; The circulation system is organized branch type, and the pattern is made into square ring type, T­grid type and U type.
5. The distribution and symbol of landscaping facilitiese
① The stairs in front of Dae Woong Jeon are devided into 3­middle stairs, the stairs out side of the middle stairs or the plain. The stairs of 5 enterence gate is made in the center of the building's but the stairs of other Jen Gak is made in the center and in the side Jen Gak. The other building's stairs is made also in the side of stereobate's facade, base on the formula of 2a th＝60∼65㎝.
② The pagoda is made is the center of meditation space. The length of stylobate is 4Ja(1.2m) that symbolized the 4 Deva of Moo Saek world. Bong Bal pagoda is built in front of Yong wha temple.
③ The stone lantern is stalled in suitable place likein in the front of the center pagoda and beside of road. Pal­Hae­Gong Deak pond is made in front of square island and beside of stone bridge which is in front of Il Ju Moon and a bright future of paramita is created.
④ Gong Deak lotus pond and Bang Wha pond is built according to the supposed plan map's Ryong pond is built in Yeang San temple. When it's impole to build the Gong Deak lotus pond in front of Il­Ju gate, pond and rainbow bridge is built in the stream. In the cardinal points of Gong Deok lotus pond, 8 square stone bench is arranged in each place, and symbolized 32 Cheon, Beside the square stone bench. a censer type wastebasket is arranged.
This stone benches and the wastebaskets are also placed around parking place and outside of domitory.
⑤ This paved road with stone and stepping stone is arranged on the road of main axis and sub axis according to the development of the economic situation.
⑥ Pal­JungDo stone is arranged in front of Zoabul statue of square island and in the center of the stair of Jung Roo gate.
Dan Gan stone pillar is arranged on the right and left side Dae Woong Zen and Jung Roo gate. Chalgan stone pillar is arranged in front rainbow bridge of Gong Duk lotus pond. When the pond is not built, this is arranged in between Il Ju gate and the space of Buddo Bee Moon. Wean Pyo stone pillar is built with the purpose of advertizement board near and in front of Il Ju Gate. Steps stone, Cake stone, cistern etc. is arranged in necessary places.
6. Planting plan and selection of plants
In planting plan in temple symmetry planting pair planting , row planting, solitary planting, Group planting is employed according to the plan map. The plants related with Buddha's idealogy and historic tradition are as follows; Those are Gink gobiliba, Abies holophylla, Zelkova serrata, Tilia sp, Juniperus Chinensis, Pinus Koraiensis, Pinus Pumila, Pinus Thunbergii, Camellia japonica, Lagerstroemia indic, Prunus Mume, Juglans mandshurica, Sophora japonica, Celtis sinensis, Pinus Bungeana, Betula Platypyhylla var, japnica, Quwecus sp, llex cornuta, Euonymus japonica, Magnolia denudata, bamboo, Castanea sp, Zyphus jujuba M. var. inermis, Vitis sp, Diospyros Koki, Shrubby Althaea, Taxus cuspidala, Taxus cuspidata var. nana, Paulownia, coreana, Buxus sp, Rhododendron schlippenbachoo, Campsic grandiflra, Paeonia suffruticoca, Paeonia albiflora, Chaenomeles lagenaria, Hosta plantaginea var. japonica, Chrysanthemum sp., Phlox paniculata, Belamcanda chinensis, Hollyhock, Nelumbo nucifera, lris ensata var. hortensis, Lycoris radiata, Lycoris squamigera, Lilium sp, Musa basjoo, Salvia splendens, Cymbidium virescens, etc.
Finally the way and the principle of temple garden design is sujested that Deva San soo poong or Deva Jung do Lim chun poong are adaptated base on sacred place and immaculacy meditation created from Buddha's mercy.