일본 주자학과 큐코사(吸江寺) - 존왕론의 탄생과 굴절- = The Japanese Neo-Confucianism and the Kyukoji Temple - The Origination and Variation of the Royalism-

국문 초록 (Abstract)

큐코사는 일본 주자학 남학파의 발상지이며 존왕론을 주창한 주자학자 야마자키 안사이(山崎闇齋)의 사상이 형성된 곳이다. 남학파는 조선전기 조선과 활발한 교류한 일본 야마쿠치(山口)지역의 실력자 오오우치(大內)가문의 가신 미나미무라 바이켄(南村梅軒)이 시코쿠 고치(高知)지역으로 이주하여 주자학을 강의하는 것으로 시작되었다. 야마자키 안사이는 이퇴계(李退溪)의 주자해석에 감명을 받아 승려의 신분을 버리고 주자학자로 거듭났으며 대의명분(大義名分), 절의(節義) 중시와 왕권을 존중하여 존왕사상가로 불리운다. 야마자키 안사이의 이러한 존왕사상은 `막말유신기`에 막부를 타도하고 왕정복고를 주장하는 젊은 무사들이 적극적으로 받아들였으며 메이지일본이 탄생하게 된다. 메이지 원년(1868) 7월 신불분리령(神佛分離令)이 공포되고 절과 불상을 파괴하는 `폐불훼석(廢佛毁釋)` 운동이 전개된다. 폐불훼석의 광풍 속에 일본 주자학 남학파의 발상지인 큐코사도 세상에서 자취를 감추게 되었다. 그런데 이러한 폐불훼석 운동을 주도한 이들은 다름 아닌 `존왕사상`의 영향을 받은 이들이었는데 결과적으로 야마자키 안사이가 조선 유학의 영향을 받아 존왕론을 형성한 공간이 결국 극단적인 존왕론자 들에 의해 파괴된 것이다. 큐코사는 일본주자학의 발상지로서의 의미도 있지만 도덕론인 유교가, 국수주의 국가주의로 변질되었을 때 어떤 비극적 결과를 초래하는지를 알려주는 교훈의 현장으로서의 의미도 있는 곳이기도 하다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Kyukoji Temple is the cradle of the Southern school of the Japanese doctrines of Chu-tzu and is the place where the thought of the doctrines of Chu-tzu scholar Yamazaki Ansai (山崎闇齋) who advocated the theory of the respect for king was formed. The Southern school of the Japanese doctrines of Chu-tzu was initiated with Minamimura Biken (南村梅軒) who was a vassal of the family of the powerful person Ouchi in Japan`s Yamaguchi area that actively exchanged with Joseon in the former half period of Joseon moving to Shikoku Kochi area and giving the lectures on the doctrines of Chu-tzu. Yamazaki Ansai was deeply touched by Yi Toe-gye (李退溪)`s interpretation of the doctrines of Chu-tzu and was born again as a scholar of the doctrines of Chu-tzu deserting the status of Buddhist monk, and as he placed emphasis on justification (大義名分) and integrity and fidelity (節義) and respected the royal authority, he is called a theorist of the respect for king. Such a theory of the respect for king of Yamazaki Ansai was actively accepted by the young samurais who overthrew Japan´s feudal government and insisted on the royal restoration in the last period of Japan´s feudal government and in the period Restauration Meiji, and then Meiji Japan was born. In July in the first year (1868) of Meiji, the decree for separation of gods from Buddhas was announced and `Haibutsukisyaku (廢佛毁釋)` movement that destructed Buddhist temples and the statues of the Buddha was developed. In the gale of Haibutsukisyaku, the cradle of the Southern school of the Japanese doctrines of Chu-tzu, Kyukoji Temple disappeared in the world. By the way the people who took the lead of such Haibutsukisyaku movement were none but those who were influenced by the `the thought of the respect for king`, after all the space where Yamazaki Ansai formed the theory of the respect for king being influenced by the Joseon Confucianism was destructed by the drastic theorist of the respect for king. Kyukoji Temple is significant as the cradle of the Japanese doctrines of Chu-tzu but it is also significant as the scene of lesson which tells that what tragic result the ethic Confucianism brought about when it was degenerated into ultranationalism and/or statism.

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