선물경제 축제, 쿨라 링과 버닝 맨의 형식과 내용 비교연구 = A Comparative Study on the Form and Content of Gift Economy Festivals, Kula Ring and Burning Man

국문 초록 (Abstract)

인류 역사에서 일반적 또는 긍정적 호혜성과 선물경제는 축제에서 중요한 역할을 하였다. 말리노프스키는 1920년대 전근대사회에서의 호혜성 기반 선물경제 측면에서 쿨라 링 축제를 본격적으로 연구하였다. 서구사회의 일부 연구자와 활동가는 자본주의 경제 체제로 인한 인간 소외와 공동체 붕괴를 심각하게 받아들였고, 이들은 이 축제의 의미를 새롭게 발견하였다. 1980년대 중반 미국 샌프란시스코에서 만들어진 버닝 맨 축제는 쿨라 링과 포틀래치 축제로부터 많은 영향을 받았는데, 특히 호혜성 기반 선물경제가 버닝 맨 축제 형성과 발전에 큰 영향을 끼쳤다.
버닝 맨 축제는 자본주의 체계와 질서 내에서 열리고 있다. 하지만 다수의 축제 관계자와 참여자는 자본주의 질서가 한시적으로 유보되고, 선물경제와 예술이 상호작용하는 새로운 축제문화를 만들고, 이를 경험하고자 한다. 본 글은 전근대적인 쿨라 링과 버닝 맨 축제에서의 서로 다른 선물, 참가자, 조직 그리고 기능을 비교 분석하고, 그 의미를 밝히고자 한다. 축제는 시대적, 문화적 그리고 역사적 상황과 맥락에 따라 그 내용과 형식 그리고 기능 등이 변화한다. 쿨라 링과 버닝 맨은 선물경제를 지향하고, 이를 기반으로 운영된다는 공통점을 가지고 있지만, 각자 고유한 경제 체제와 사회 질서 그리고 문화를 기반으로 만들어지고, 운영되고 있다. 이 비교 결과는 새로운 경제적, 사회적 그리고 문화적 맥락과 환경에서 선물경제 기반의 축제 형식과 내용을 상상하는 데 이바지할 것으로 판단된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Throughout human history, general or positive reciprocity and the gift economy have played an important role in festivals. Malinowski studied the Kula Ring festival in pre-modern society from the perspective of the reciprocity-based gift economy. Some researchers and activists in Western society took seriously the human alienation and community collapse caused by the capitalist economic system, discovering a new meaning of this festival. The Burning Man festival, created in San Francisco, USA in the mid-1980s, was greatly influenced by the Kula Ring and Potlatch festivals, particularly the reciprocity-based gift economy, influencing its formation and development.
The Burning Man festival is held within the capitalist system and order. However, many festival officials and participants aim to create and experience a new festival culture where the capitalist order is temporarily suspended, and the gift economy and art interact. This article aims to compare and analyze the different gifts, participants, organizations, and functions in the pre-modern Kula Ring and modern Burning Man festivals to reveal their meaning. Festivals change in content, form, and function depending on time, culture, and historical context. The Kula Ring and Burning Man share an orientation toward the gift economy but are created and operated based on their unique economic systems, social orders, and cultures. This comparison is expected to contribute to imagining the form and content of a gift economy-based festival in a new economic, social, and cultural context.

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