일본 중세 比叡山 天台의 神佛習合 담론과 山王信仰의 수용 = Tendai Discourse on Kami-Buddha Relations and Sanno Worship in Fourteenth Century Mt. Hiei

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article explores medieval Tendai Buddhist discourse on the amalgamation of kami and buddhas (shinbutsu shugo 神佛習合), particularly as represented in Keiran shuyoshu (渓嵐拾葉集), a fourteenth century encyclopedic Japanese Tendai text, which presents the highest knowledge of medieval Tendai/Taimitsu (台密) scholasticism on Mt. Hiei. The article particularly focuses on Tendai’s incorporation of the Sanno deity, the supreme divinity venerated in the Great Hie Shrine on Mt. Hiei, into the Tendai Buddhist pantheon by the honji suijaku (本地垂迹) scheme, the main “combinatory” logic that associates kami and buddhas. This study begins with delineating a brief history of the traditional Sanno worship on Mt. Hiei and then moves to examining its integration into the Tendai teachings. This historical sketch reveals the crucial influence of medieval Tendai teachings in the formation and development of Kami-Buddha discourse based on the honji suijaku structure as the combinatory framework for Kami-Buddha relations. Discussing the details of the honji suijaku scheme-its origins, Tendai’s formulation and development of the theory, and its significances, this article introduces the tradition of “chroniclers” (kike 記家), a unique feature that represents Tendai’s scholastic culture on medieval Mt. Hiei. Specifically, vital contributions of the chroniclers in developing and disseminating discourses on Kami-Buddha relationships are discussed. Keiran shuyoshu (Keiran) is introduced as the pinnacle of high medieval Tendai scholasticism, as well as being the most comprehensive work by a Tendai chronicler, Koshu(光宗). Thus the article proceeds to examine the Kami section (shinmeibu 神明部) in Keiran in particular, where Keiran ’s discussions of kami is concentrated. It illustrates nondual hon (本)- jaku (迹) relationships between Sakyamuni, the most respected buddha in Tendai/Hiei tradition, and Sanno; and consequently examines how these divinities are explained and reinterpreted from Tendai’s esoteric Buddhist perspective. Their view is shown to pivot on the notion of nonduality and the Middle Path. We will see “nonduality” is key to the medieval Tendai discourse on kami and the web of hon-jaku relationships recorded in Keiran. What calls for our special attention is that Keiran ’s in-depth discussions illuminate veneration of the supreme deity of Mt. Hiei, i.e., Sanno, as the embodiment of an all-encompassing Tendai doctrinal teachings, and the principle of nonduality in particular. Moreover, as the manifestation of Sakyamuni, Sanno is interpreted as the true origin of all kami. The rationale for this view is found in Sanno’s salient role as a symbol of the Middle Path in which the three natures of reality are simultaneously encompassed. After all, Sanno is exalted in Keiran as the deity of the nondual Middle Path, all through Keiran ’s explanations of Sanno based on the Tendai doctrine and practice, which is exemplified by the esoteric reading of doctrinal meanings contained in Sanno’s characters themselves. Integrating all these doctrinalized interpretations of Sanno in Keiran, we learn that Sanno in essence represents the embodiment of Tendai teachings. All in all, it can be concluded that the concept of Sannō plays the role of a type of medieval Tendais heuristic device in order to demand our comprehension of divinities and ultimate truth, in addition to provoking our own enlightenment.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

중세 일본 종교문화상 가장 현저한 특징 중 하나로서 이른바 ‘신불습합 을들 수 있는데, 이는 일본에서 불교도래 이전부터 숭앙되어 오던 다양한 카미(神) 신성들과 佛·菩薩 사이의 일체화를 중심으로 전개되 어간 구래의 카미신앙과 불교 간의 융합적 면모를 가리키는 것이다. 이것은 근본적으로 神-佛의 ‘不二’적 동일성을 이해하는 것에 방점이 찍힌, 사실상 인식론적 담론에 바탕을 두는 것으로서, 이러한 인식론적 틀과 담론의 형성 및 발전에 주체적 역할을 한 것은 중세 일본 히에잔(比叡山) 천태의 학승들이었다. 이들은 무엇보다 히에잔의 전통적인 山王신앙에 대한 깊은 이해를 바탕으로 본지수적설이라는 용어로 총괄되는, 산왕과 석가불의 습합관계를 설명하는 이론적 틀과 담론을 발전시켰다. 이 논문은 특히 중세 천태 학술문화의 총화라고 할 수 있는「케이란 슈요슈」(1318-48)에 수록된 천태 학승들의 신불습합 담론을 살펴본다.「케이란 슈요슈」의 산왕에 관한 기록은 천태가 산왕을 히에잔 엔랴 쿠지의 본존인 석가불과 동일시하며 모든 카미의 본원(本源)으로 신격화하는 담론의 면면을 잘 보여준다. 그러나 무엇보다 주목되는 점은 산 왕이 천태교학의 핵심적 개념인 不二나 中道의 이상을 현현하는 표상으로 해석되고 있는 것이다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 중세 천태의 산왕에 대한 해석을 위시한 신불습합의 논의가 결국 중세 히에잔 천태의 핵심적 가르침을 반영하며, 神과 佛의 하나 됨을 깨닫고 이를 탐구하는 천태 학승들의 노력이 그 자체로 천태교학의 해석적 실천이라는 것을 조명하고자 한다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 들어가며
• Ⅱ. 比叡山의 山王信仰과 天台와의 습합
• Ⅲ. 중세 천태의 本地垂迹 이론과 山王의 습합
• Ⅳ. 山王이 구현하는 중세 천태의 진리관
• Ⅴ. 나오며

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